SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the focus of the paper? - correct answer Understand how the human body maintains
itself and performs work
Direct calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - correct answer Heat production
Indirect calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - correct answer Respiratory Gas
exchange
What are some limitations to indirect calorimetry? - correct answer Dead space in tube, lag of
measurements from long tube
Aerobic metabolism used directly how? - correct answer Resynthesis of ATP
Aerobic metabolism used indirectly how? - correct answer Replete anaerobic sources of ATP
(CrP)
What happens to elements of water ingested (doubly labelled water)? In what forms is it
excreted? - correct answer Hydrogen excreted through urine
Oxygen comes out mainly through CO2
Where is most nitrogen excreted from the body? - correct answer Urine and sweat
During anaerobic metabolism, extra CO2 comes from? - correct answer Metabolic acidosis -
more H+ produced, keeping pH around 7 (buffer system)
R value representative of Carbohydrates? - correct answer 1.0
R value representative of Fats? - correct answer 0.71
R value representative of Protein? - correct answer 0.8
R value representative of Mixed? - correct answer 0.82
R value representative of Alcohol? - correct answer 0.67
What does Southland Cycling Study tell you about effects of exercise on body comp? - correct
answer Exercise can be positive on maintenance of FFM
Effects of Exercise on RMR - correct answer Increased (5-15%) with intensive exercise for 24-
48hr: if exercise is repeated w/in 24-48h, remains elevated
Can be as much as 400-800 kJ/day
Athletes vs sedentary have as much as 5-20% greater RMR, even after adjusting for FFM
Little, if any, long-lasting increase following low intensity exercise
Effects of Training on Total Energy Expenditure - correct answer Some cross-sectional studies
have shown athletes to be more energy efficient (i.e. lower energy intake/amount expended)
,SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Do endurance trained females adapt to lose less energy? - correct answer Some studies show
endurance trained much more efficient overall than untrained.
Increased efficiency of movement has been shown, but not large effect on TEE, most trained, in
training use more E regardless.
What influences fuel selection? - correct answer Energy needs (i.e. rate of ATP needed)
Amounts stored in muscle, circulation
Contraction (Ca++)
Hormones, sympathetic NS
Enzyme activities
Aerobic capacity and blood flow
Transporter molecules
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - correct answer Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - correct answer More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - correct answer Greater capacity with training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
, SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances release from storage
(fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - correct answer As exercise intensity increases,
more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid phosphorylation . Continued metabolism
via glycolysis requires NAD+ reformed and H2 to be accepted by another molecule. Hence,
temporary reduction of pyruvic acid to form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
When and how is Pyruvate reformed? - correct answer At rest after exercise, or in a different
cell
As exercise intensity drops to a level at which NADH canbee oxidised, lactic acid is oxidised back
to pyruvic acid, allowing the oxidative metabolism of pyruvate to proceed
Where does the glucose utilised in muscle come from? - correct answer Muscle and liver
Where does the fat utilised in exercise come from? - correct answer Skeletal muscle and
adipose tissue
How does eating affect substrate use? - correct answer What we eat can supply some
substrates - eating carbs get glucose into bloodstream via effects of hormones
- liver has ability to push glucose into bloodstream
- adipose tissue break down Triglycerides
What is fat stored as? - correct answer Triglycerides
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in adipose tissue and muscle? - correct answer
Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in bloodstream? - correct answer Lipoprotein
Lipase (LPL)
How do FFA get into muscle cell from bloodstream? - correct answer Binding proteins
FFA Activation and Translocation into Mitochondria via? - correct answer Carnitine Acyl
Transferase (CAT)
FFA metabolised via? - correct answer Beta oxidation to Acetyl Co-A
What is the rate limiting step of FA oxidation? - correct answer Carnitine translocation
Which organ provides glucose by breaking down stored glycogen? - correct answer Liver
Effect of fasting on liver glycogen? - correct answer Fasting depletes liver glycogen, enhances
gluconeogenesis; as does prolonged exercise (several hours)
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the focus of the paper? - correct answer Understand how the human body maintains
itself and performs work
Direct calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - correct answer Heat production
Indirect calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - correct answer Respiratory Gas
exchange
What are some limitations to indirect calorimetry? - correct answer Dead space in tube, lag of
measurements from long tube
Aerobic metabolism used directly how? - correct answer Resynthesis of ATP
Aerobic metabolism used indirectly how? - correct answer Replete anaerobic sources of ATP
(CrP)
What happens to elements of water ingested (doubly labelled water)? In what forms is it
excreted? - correct answer Hydrogen excreted through urine
Oxygen comes out mainly through CO2
Where is most nitrogen excreted from the body? - correct answer Urine and sweat
During anaerobic metabolism, extra CO2 comes from? - correct answer Metabolic acidosis -
more H+ produced, keeping pH around 7 (buffer system)
R value representative of Carbohydrates? - correct answer 1.0
R value representative of Fats? - correct answer 0.71
R value representative of Protein? - correct answer 0.8
R value representative of Mixed? - correct answer 0.82
R value representative of Alcohol? - correct answer 0.67
What does Southland Cycling Study tell you about effects of exercise on body comp? - correct
answer Exercise can be positive on maintenance of FFM
Effects of Exercise on RMR - correct answer Increased (5-15%) with intensive exercise for 24-
48hr: if exercise is repeated w/in 24-48h, remains elevated
Can be as much as 400-800 kJ/day
Athletes vs sedentary have as much as 5-20% greater RMR, even after adjusting for FFM
Little, if any, long-lasting increase following low intensity exercise
Effects of Training on Total Energy Expenditure - correct answer Some cross-sectional studies
have shown athletes to be more energy efficient (i.e. lower energy intake/amount expended)
,SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Do endurance trained females adapt to lose less energy? - correct answer Some studies show
endurance trained much more efficient overall than untrained.
Increased efficiency of movement has been shown, but not large effect on TEE, most trained, in
training use more E regardless.
What influences fuel selection? - correct answer Energy needs (i.e. rate of ATP needed)
Amounts stored in muscle, circulation
Contraction (Ca++)
Hormones, sympathetic NS
Enzyme activities
Aerobic capacity and blood flow
Transporter molecules
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - correct answer Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - correct answer More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - correct answer Greater capacity with training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
, SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances release from storage
(fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - correct answer As exercise intensity increases,
more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid phosphorylation . Continued metabolism
via glycolysis requires NAD+ reformed and H2 to be accepted by another molecule. Hence,
temporary reduction of pyruvic acid to form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
When and how is Pyruvate reformed? - correct answer At rest after exercise, or in a different
cell
As exercise intensity drops to a level at which NADH canbee oxidised, lactic acid is oxidised back
to pyruvic acid, allowing the oxidative metabolism of pyruvate to proceed
Where does the glucose utilised in muscle come from? - correct answer Muscle and liver
Where does the fat utilised in exercise come from? - correct answer Skeletal muscle and
adipose tissue
How does eating affect substrate use? - correct answer What we eat can supply some
substrates - eating carbs get glucose into bloodstream via effects of hormones
- liver has ability to push glucose into bloodstream
- adipose tissue break down Triglycerides
What is fat stored as? - correct answer Triglycerides
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in adipose tissue and muscle? - correct answer
Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in bloodstream? - correct answer Lipoprotein
Lipase (LPL)
How do FFA get into muscle cell from bloodstream? - correct answer Binding proteins
FFA Activation and Translocation into Mitochondria via? - correct answer Carnitine Acyl
Transferase (CAT)
FFA metabolised via? - correct answer Beta oxidation to Acetyl Co-A
What is the rate limiting step of FA oxidation? - correct answer Carnitine translocation
Which organ provides glucose by breaking down stored glycogen? - correct answer Liver
Effect of fasting on liver glycogen? - correct answer Fasting depletes liver glycogen, enhances
gluconeogenesis; as does prolonged exercise (several hours)
