TEST6BANK6for6Human6Learning6
8th6Edition6Ormrod, CHAPTER616-615
6
, CHAPTER61
PERSPECTIVES6ON6LEARNING
Multiple6Choice6Questions
Human6beings6undoubtedly6learn6more6during6the6course6of6a6lifeti
me6than6any6other6species6on6earth.6The6major6result6of6this6capacity6t
o6learn6is6that:
New6instincts6begin6to6emerge.
Human6thought6becomes6less6logical6with6each6genera
tion.6Humans6can6benefit6from6their6experiences.
Humans6are6the6only6species6whose6behavior6cannot6be6analy
zed6in6terms6of6stimuli6and6responses.
Three6of6the6following6are6examples6of6learning.6Which6one6is6not?
Abigail6cries6when6she6steps6on6a6sharp6pebble.
After6many6hours6of6heated6debate,6Brian6begins6to6ad
vocate6political6practices6he6has6previously6opposed.
Cara6suddenly6recognizes6how6the6division6fact6―246’646=66‖6is
6related6to6the6multiplication6fact6―66x646=624.‖
David6has6been6running6away6from6German6shepherds6ever6si
nce6he6was6bitten6by6a6German6shepherd6two6years6ago.
Reynelda6has6trouble6tracing6a6complex6shape6with6a6pencil6when6sh
e6is6in6kindergarten,6but6she6can6do6it6quite6well6by6the6time6she6is6in
6second6grade.6Is6this6an6instance6of6learning?
Yes,6because6her6behavior6has6changed.
No,6because6the6circumstances6are6too6dissimilar.
Maybe,6although6the6change6may6simply6be6d
ue6to6physiological6maturation.
Maybe,6but6only6if6she6is6being6reinforced6for6tracing6accurately.
2
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Three6of6the6following6illustrate6various6ways6that6learning6might6 be6r
eflected6in6a6person‘s6behavior.6Which6one6of6the6following6changes6does
6not6necessarily6reflect6learning?
Although6it‘s6a6school6night,6Dean6plays6video6games6until6well6
past6his6usual6bedtime.6As6he6becomes6more6tired,6he6finds6it6inc
reasingly6difficult6to6concentrate6on6what6he‘s6doing.
Even6as6a6young6child,6Jerry6could6tell6you6that6his6grandp
arents6immigrated6to6the6United6States6from6Ireland.6But6af
ter6a6conversation6with6his6grandmother,6he6can6now6descri
be6the6circumstances6of6the6family‘s6immigration6in6conside
rable6detail.
Day6after6day,6Martin6practices6his6basketball6skills6 (shooting,6dri
bbling,6etc.)6on6a6basketball6court6at6a6local6park.6With6each6prac
tice6session,6his6movements6become6faster6and6smoother.
Lewis6occasionally6asks6for6help6when6he6has6difficulty6with6his
6classwork,6but6most6of6the6time6he6just6struggles6quietly6on6his
6own.6After6his6teacher6assures6him6that6asking6for6help6is6not6
a6sign6of6weakness6or6inability,6he6begins6asking6for6help6much6
more6frequently.
6 research6examines6learning6in6tightly6controlled6settings6and
6 research6examines6learning6in6real-world6settings.
Applied;6Basic6Bas
ic;6Qualitative6Qua
litative;6Applied6Ba
sic;6Applied
A6principle6of6learning6can6best6be6characterized6as:
A6description6of6the6results6of6a6particular6research6study
A6statement6that6describes6how6a6particular6factor6affects6learning
The6measurement6of6how6much6learning6has6occurred
6in6a6particular6situation
An6explanation6of6the6underlying6processes6through6which6learning6occurs
A6theory6of6learning6can6best6be6characterized6as:
A6description6of6the6results6of6a6particular6research6study
A6statement6that6describes6how6a6particular6factor6affects6learning
The6measurement6of6how6much6learning6has6occurred
6in6a6particular6situation
An6explanation6of6the6underlying6processes6through6which6learning6occurs
3
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Three6of6the6following6are6principles6of6learning.6Which6one6is6a6theory
of6learning6rather6than6a6principle?
A6behavior6that6is6followed6by6punishment6decreases6in6frequency.
People6learn6by6making6mental6associations6between6new6inform
ation6and6their6existing6knowledge.
A6response6that6is6rewarded6every6time6it6occurs6increases
6more6rapidly6than6a6response6that6is6only6occasionally6re
warded.
Students6tend6to6remember6more6of6a6lecture6if6they6take6not
es6on6the6lecture‘s6content.
Which6one6of6the6following6common6sayings6best6reflects6the6c
oncept6of6introspection?
―Where6there‘s6a6will,6there‘s6a6way.‖
―Nothing6ventured,6nothing6gained.‖
―A6penny6for6your6thoughts.‖
―Old6habits6die6hard.‖
Which6one6of6the6following6common6sayings6best6reflects6the
6basic6premise6underlying6social6learning6theory?
―Monkey6see,6monkey6do.‖
―Spare6the6rod6and6spoil6the6child.‖
―A6friend6in6need6is6a6friend6indeed.‖
―A6rolling6stone6gathers6no6moss.‖
Which6one6of6the6following6statements6provides6the6most6credible6
explanation6for6the6fact6that6human6beings6seem6to6surpass6all6other
6animal6species6in6their6thinking6and6learning6capacities?
Only6human6beings6have6the6capability6to6make6tools.
Humans6communicate6regularly6with6one6another6and,6in6doi
ng6so,6pass6along6what6they‘ve6learned6to6future6generations.
Human6beings6have6a6huge6repertoire6of6instinctual6behaviors
6from6which6they6can6draw6when6they6encounter6new6experie
nces.
Human6brains6are6smaller6than6those6of6other6intelligent6species6
(e.g.,6elephants,6dolphins)6and6therefore6can6transmit6messages6m
ore6quickly6and6efficiently.
4
8th6Edition6Ormrod, CHAPTER616-615
6
, CHAPTER61
PERSPECTIVES6ON6LEARNING
Multiple6Choice6Questions
Human6beings6undoubtedly6learn6more6during6the6course6of6a6lifeti
me6than6any6other6species6on6earth.6The6major6result6of6this6capacity6t
o6learn6is6that:
New6instincts6begin6to6emerge.
Human6thought6becomes6less6logical6with6each6genera
tion.6Humans6can6benefit6from6their6experiences.
Humans6are6the6only6species6whose6behavior6cannot6be6analy
zed6in6terms6of6stimuli6and6responses.
Three6of6the6following6are6examples6of6learning.6Which6one6is6not?
Abigail6cries6when6she6steps6on6a6sharp6pebble.
After6many6hours6of6heated6debate,6Brian6begins6to6ad
vocate6political6practices6he6has6previously6opposed.
Cara6suddenly6recognizes6how6the6division6fact6―246’646=66‖6is
6related6to6the6multiplication6fact6―66x646=624.‖
David6has6been6running6away6from6German6shepherds6ever6si
nce6he6was6bitten6by6a6German6shepherd6two6years6ago.
Reynelda6has6trouble6tracing6a6complex6shape6with6a6pencil6when6sh
e6is6in6kindergarten,6but6she6can6do6it6quite6well6by6the6time6she6is6in
6second6grade.6Is6this6an6instance6of6learning?
Yes,6because6her6behavior6has6changed.
No,6because6the6circumstances6are6too6dissimilar.
Maybe,6although6the6change6may6simply6be6d
ue6to6physiological6maturation.
Maybe,6but6only6if6she6is6being6reinforced6for6tracing6accurately.
2
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Three6of6the6following6illustrate6various6ways6that6learning6might6 be6r
eflected6in6a6person‘s6behavior.6Which6one6of6the6following6changes6does
6not6necessarily6reflect6learning?
Although6it‘s6a6school6night,6Dean6plays6video6games6until6well6
past6his6usual6bedtime.6As6he6becomes6more6tired,6he6finds6it6inc
reasingly6difficult6to6concentrate6on6what6he‘s6doing.
Even6as6a6young6child,6Jerry6could6tell6you6that6his6grandp
arents6immigrated6to6the6United6States6from6Ireland.6But6af
ter6a6conversation6with6his6grandmother,6he6can6now6descri
be6the6circumstances6of6the6family‘s6immigration6in6conside
rable6detail.
Day6after6day,6Martin6practices6his6basketball6skills6 (shooting,6dri
bbling,6etc.)6on6a6basketball6court6at6a6local6park.6With6each6prac
tice6session,6his6movements6become6faster6and6smoother.
Lewis6occasionally6asks6for6help6when6he6has6difficulty6with6his
6classwork,6but6most6of6the6time6he6just6struggles6quietly6on6his
6own.6After6his6teacher6assures6him6that6asking6for6help6is6not6
a6sign6of6weakness6or6inability,6he6begins6asking6for6help6much6
more6frequently.
6 research6examines6learning6in6tightly6controlled6settings6and
6 research6examines6learning6in6real-world6settings.
Applied;6Basic6Bas
ic;6Qualitative6Qua
litative;6Applied6Ba
sic;6Applied
A6principle6of6learning6can6best6be6characterized6as:
A6description6of6the6results6of6a6particular6research6study
A6statement6that6describes6how6a6particular6factor6affects6learning
The6measurement6of6how6much6learning6has6occurred
6in6a6particular6situation
An6explanation6of6the6underlying6processes6through6which6learning6occurs
A6theory6of6learning6can6best6be6characterized6as:
A6description6of6the6results6of6a6particular6research6study
A6statement6that6describes6how6a6particular6factor6affects6learning
The6measurement6of6how6much6learning6has6occurred
6in6a6particular6situation
An6explanation6of6the6underlying6processes6through6which6learning6occurs
3
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Three6of6the6following6are6principles6of6learning.6Which6one6is6a6theory
of6learning6rather6than6a6principle?
A6behavior6that6is6followed6by6punishment6decreases6in6frequency.
People6learn6by6making6mental6associations6between6new6inform
ation6and6their6existing6knowledge.
A6response6that6is6rewarded6every6time6it6occurs6increases
6more6rapidly6than6a6response6that6is6only6occasionally6re
warded.
Students6tend6to6remember6more6of6a6lecture6if6they6take6not
es6on6the6lecture‘s6content.
Which6one6of6the6following6common6sayings6best6reflects6the6c
oncept6of6introspection?
―Where6there‘s6a6will,6there‘s6a6way.‖
―Nothing6ventured,6nothing6gained.‖
―A6penny6for6your6thoughts.‖
―Old6habits6die6hard.‖
Which6one6of6the6following6common6sayings6best6reflects6the
6basic6premise6underlying6social6learning6theory?
―Monkey6see,6monkey6do.‖
―Spare6the6rod6and6spoil6the6child.‖
―A6friend6in6need6is6a6friend6indeed.‖
―A6rolling6stone6gathers6no6moss.‖
Which6one6of6the6following6statements6provides6the6most6credible6
explanation6for6the6fact6that6human6beings6seem6to6surpass6all6other
6animal6species6in6their6thinking6and6learning6capacities?
Only6human6beings6have6the6capability6to6make6tools.
Humans6communicate6regularly6with6one6another6and,6in6doi
ng6so,6pass6along6what6they‘ve6learned6to6future6generations.
Human6beings6have6a6huge6repertoire6of6instinctual6behaviors
6from6which6they6can6draw6when6they6encounter6new6experie
nces.
Human6brains6are6smaller6than6those6of6other6intelligent6species6
(e.g.,6elephants,6dolphins)6and6therefore6can6transmit6messages6m
ore6quickly6and6efficiently.
4
