NR507 Midterm

Aortic regurgitation - answer-the backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle due to failure of aortic valve to properly close caused by infective endocarditis or aortic root disease Aortic stenosis - answer-constriction or narrowing of the aorta caused by aging, congenital defects or rheumatic fever Aplastic anemia - answer-agent destroys bone marrow and leads to pancytopenia Chronic bronchitis - answer-hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that lasts for at least three months Diastole - answer-relaxation period where blood fills ventricles Diffusing capacity - answer-how well the lungs are able to exchange gas Emphysema - answer-abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis Examples of restrictive lung disorders - answer-aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, pulmonary fibrosis, pneuomoconiosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, interstitial lung disease Extrinsic asthma - answer-triggered by allergic reaction Increased levels of ige More common in children Hemolytic anemia - answer-rbcs are destroyed due to an agent How is folate deficiency characterized? - answer-macrocytic megaloblastic How is hemolytic anemia characterized? - answer-normocytic How is iron deficiency anemia characterized? - answer-microcytic hypochromic How is RBC concentration measured? - answer-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) How is RBC size measured? - answer-RBC distribution width (RDW) How is vitamin V-12 deficiency characterized? - answer-macrocytic megaloblastic How many genes encode for hgb on the alpha protein and what chromosome? - answer-four genes; chromosome 16 How many genes encode for hgb on the beta protein and what chromosome? - answer-two genes; chromosome 11 Intermittent asthma - answer-sypmtoms < 2 days/week and month 0-1 severe exacerbations/year FEV1 > 80% Intrinsic asthma - answer-triggered by non-allergic factors (meds, infection, anxiety, etc.) No increase of ige Typically seen in adults Mild persistent asthma - answer-symptoms 2-6 days/week, 3-4/month at night Minor activity limitation 2 severe exacerbations/year Mitral regurgitation - answer-backflow of blood into left atrium due to failure of mitral valve to properly close caused by mitral valve prolapse Mitral stenosis - answer-narrowing of the mitral valve caused by rheumatic heart disease Moderate persistent asthma - answer-daily symptoms and > 1 night/week Some activity limitations FEV1 60-80% FEV1/FVC decreased by 5% of normal Normal absolute reticulocyte count in aplastic anemia - answer-0.5%-2.5% Normal fev1 - answer-80-120% Normal forced vital capacity (FVC) - answer-80-120% Normal granulocyte level in aplastic anemia - answer-< 500 UL Normal platelet count in aplastic anemia - answer-< 20,000 UL NYHA classifications - answer-stage C1: no activity limitations Stage C2: mild activity limitation, but comfortable at rest; activity results in fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain Stage C3: moderate, marked activity limitation, symptoms with less than ordinary activity Stage C4: severe inability to complete activity without discomfort, symptoms present at rest Primary immunodeficiency - answer-result of single gene defects Residual volume - answer-amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration Secondary immunodeficiency - answer-complication of some other physiologic condition or disease Severe persistent asthma - answer-symptoms throughout the day and night Severe activity limitations 2 exacerbations/year FEV1 <60% Stages of heart failure - answer-A: risk factors present B: little structural damage, no symptoms C: symptoms present D: end stage heart failure Symptoms of aortic regurgitation - answer-pulmonary edema, dyspnea on exertion, syncope, angina Symptoms of aortic stenosis - answer-dyspnea on exertion, pulmonary edema, syncope, angina Symptoms of chronic bronchitis - answer-productive cough with sputum, dyspnea, wheezing, rhochi, cyanosis of skin & mucus membranes Symptoms of diastolic heart failure - answer-S4 gallop, dyspnea on exertion, fatigue Symptoms of emphysema - answer-pursed lip breathing, shortness of breath, barrel chest Symptoms of lupus erythematosus - answer-facial butterfly rash, oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers, photosensitivity, discoid rash (raised patches/scaling), arthritis, renal and neurologic disorders Symptoms of mitral regurgitation - answer-atypical chest pain, pulmonary edema, dyspnea on exertion, atrial fibrillation Symptoms of mitral stenosis - answer-orthopnea, atypical chest pain, hemoptysis, respiratory infections, pulmonary edema, jugular vein distention Symptoms of right-sided heart failure - answer-jugular vein distention, peripheral edema, hepatosplenomegaly, dyspnea Symptoms of systolic heart failure - answer-dyspnea, pulmonary edema, orthopnea, cough with frothy sputum, fatigue, decreased urine output, peripheral edema, S3 gallop Systole - answer-contraction of ventricles to pump blood Total lung capacity (TLC) - answer-FVC+RV True or false: fev1 will be increased in obstructive disease? - answer-false; decreased True or false: fvc will be decreased in restrictive disease? - answer-true Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction - answer-allergic reaction, ige mediated Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction - answer-cytotoxic and tissue/organ specific, igg/igm, macrophages are primary effector cells (Grave's disease) Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction - answer-systemic reaction that results in autoimmune disorders (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), igg/igm Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction - answer-T-cell mediated response that is delayed (poison ivy) Vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia - answer-decreased intake of B-12 or absence intrinsic factor that absorbs B-12 What anemias are caused by genetic defects to hgb? - answer-sickle cell anemia and thalassemia What are causes of aplastic anemia? - answer-chemical/radiation exposure, viruses, tumors, medications What are causes of hemolytic anemia? - answer-infections, transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibilty, drug induced What are causes of hemorrhagic blood loss anemia? - answer-trauma, surgery, childbirth What are causes of iron deficiency anemia? - answer-poor nutrition, cirrhosis, GI ulcers, colitis, chronic bleeding