NHA Module 2 - Anatomy & Physiology

Abdominal Cavity - answer-Within the abdomen; houses several major organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines Acute Renal Failure Diagnosis - answer-Observation of urine output, blood tests, urinalysis, and other imaging Acute Renal Failure Etiology - answer-Direct damage to the kidneys or other causes leading to a sudden change where the kidneys can no longer filter blood effectively, leading to dangerous levels of toxic waste in the body Acute Renal Failure Signs and Symptoms - answer-Decreased urine output, fluid retention, fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion, and nausea Acute Renal Failure Treatment - answer-Correcting the underlying cause, medications, and hemodialysis in the setting of severe disease Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) Diagnosis - answer-Arterial blood gas analysis, chest x-ray Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) Etiology - answer-Fluid buildup in the alveoli blocks oxygen from passing into the bloodstream following an acute injury, typically in those who are already critically ill or have had previous traumatic injuries. Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) Signs and Symptoms - answer-Shortness of breath, low blood pressure, and rapid breathing (following an injury) Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) Treatment - answer-Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and antibiotics Aden - answer-Gland Alimentary Canal - answer-The passage in which food passes through the body from the mouth to anus. Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis - answer-- No definitive diagnostic testing available - Diagnosis relies on medical history, physical exam, cognitive testing, brain scans, and lab tests. Alzheimer's Disease Etiology - answer-Most common form of progressive dementia caused by progressive destruction on brain cells Alzheimer's Disease Signs and Symptoms - answer-Memory loss, impaired judgement or language, inability to perform activities of daily living, inability to reason, paranoia, and agitation Alzheimer's Disease Treatment - answer-- No available treatment to cure the disease - Focus of care is on symptom management while ensuring the patient is comfortable, safe, and otherwise physically healthy. Androgens - answer-Group of male sex hormones Anemia Diagnosis - answer-Blood test Anemia Etiology - answer-- Most common cause is blood loss. - Dysfunction in the creation of hemoglobin - Excessive destruction of red blood cells Anemia Signs and Symptoms - answer-Fatigue, dizziness, cold extremities, headache, irregular heartbeat Anemia Treatment - answer-- Depends on cause - Blood loss can be treated with a blood transfusion. - Other causes may be treated through increase of iron or vitamin K. Antibody - answer-Protein the body creates in response to antigens. Antibody - answer-Protein the body creates in response to specific antigens Antigen - answer-Foreign substance within the body Antigen - answer-Foreign substance within the body. Anus - answer-This is the end of the rectum, which opens to the outside of the body to allow for elimination of feces. Appendicitis Diagnosis - answer-Patient history, blood and urine tests, imaging Appendicitis Etiology - answer-Inflammation in the appendix due to blockage of the opening to the appendix, leading to rapidly multiplying bacteria in the appendix Appendicitis Signs and Symptoms - answer-Pain in the lower, right abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal swelling, fever Appendicitis Treatment - answer-Surgical removal of the appendix Appendicular skeleton - answer-The adult appendicular skeleton has 126 bones, including arms, legs, and pelvic girdle Appendicular Skeleton Lower Extremities - answer-- Pelvic girdle - Femur - Patella - Tibia - Fibula - Tarsals - Metatarsals - Phalanges Appendicular Skeleton Upper Extremities - answer-- Scapula - Clavicle - Humerus - Radius - Ulna - Carpals - Metacarpals - Phalanges Artery / Arteriole - answer-Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They propel blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points on the body. Smaller branches are arterioles. Arthr - answer-Joint Artificially Acquired Active Immunity - answer-This type of immunity is the result of administering a vaccination. The antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future. Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity - answer-Also a short-lasting immunity, this is created by giving an exposed person antibodies containing blood products, as in an immune globulin. Asthma Diagnosis - answer-Pulmonary function tests Asthma Etiology - answer-Airway inflammation causes lining of air passages to swell and tighten, leading to a reduction in the amount of air that can pass into and out of the lungs. Asthma Signs and Symptoms - answer-Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing Asthma Treatment - answer-Medications, both inhaled and taken orally Atherosclerosis Diagnosis - answer-Physical examination, medical history, blood tests, doppler ultrasound, EKG, stress test, angiogram, CT or MRI Atherosclerosis Etiology - answer-Hardening of the arteries due to fatty deposits causing narrowing of vessels potentially due to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and other diseases Atherosclerosis Signs and Symptoms - answer-Chest pain, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), peripheral artery disease, and kidney disfunction Atherosclerosis Treatment - answer-Healthy diet, increased exercise, medications (cholesterol medication, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, blood thinners, diuretics, calcium channel blockers), angioplasty, stents, endarterectomy, or bypass surgery Axial Skeleton - answer-- Skull - Cervical Vertebrae - Thoracic Vertebrae - Lumbar Vertebrae - Sacrum - Coccyx - Ribs Axial Skeleton - answer-The adult axial skeleton has 80 bones, including the skull, vertebrae, and ribs Axon - answer-The axon stores neurotransmitters. B-Cells - answer-Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells; these plasma cells then create antibodies against specific antigens Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Diagnosis - answer-Digital rectal examination, urine test, or prostate specific antigen test Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Etiology - answer-Causes are unknown but are believed to be linked to hormonal changes Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Signs and Symptoms - answer-- Enlargement of the prostate - Common later in life - Can cause uncomfortable urinary symptoms, urinary tract infections, or kidney problems Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Treatment - answer-Transurethral resection of the prostate Brachi - answer-Arm Brain - answer-The brain coordinates most body activities and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgment. It is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Bronchitis Diagnosis - answer-Physical examination in which the lungs are listened to via stethoscope, chest x-ray, pulmonary function tests Bronchitis Etiology - answer-- Acute: Caused by viral illnesses such as colds and flu - Chronic: Caused by smoking Bronchitis Signs and Symptoms - answer-Shortness of breath, fever, chills, fatigue, coughing, and production of mucus Bronchitis Treatment - answer-- Acute: Typically resolves without intervention. - Chronic: Respiratory therapy Bulbourethral Glands (Co