er 1 Test A
m m m
1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE m
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from m m m m m m m m
mnonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
m m m m m m m m m
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mworking more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mactivity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mgrowing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
m m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
m m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing
m m m m m m m m
mless. ANS: D
m m PTS: m 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mother metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mblood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
madults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcalcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mability to think and recall information.
m m m m m
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. m m m m
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall
m m m m m m m
minformation. ANS: C PTS: m m m 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mchoose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mextremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mwisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mfollow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
m m m m m m
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
m m m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
m m m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
m m m m m m m m m m
e. Nonargument.
ANS: m E PTS: m m 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mincome tax and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcorrect to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
2
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
m m m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Nonargument.
ANS: m A PTS: m m 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely
m m m m m m m m m m
mto be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
msignificantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mboth murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe same offenses than black women.
m m m m m
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
m m m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in
m m m m m m m m m
mprison. ANS: B m m PTS: m 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcriminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
munprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that
m m m m m m m m m m m m
massists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
madvertisers by using these zombie computers to visit pay-per-click ads.
m m m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
m m m m m m m m m
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a
m m m m m m m m m
mfirewall. ANS: E m m PTS: m 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthrough the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
m m m m m m m m m m m m
mreflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mfor planetologists.
m
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
m m m m m m m m
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the
m m m m m m m
matmosphere. ANS: C PTS: m m m 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcommunities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mtraditional medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mhalted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe wild will be averted.
m m m m
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
m m m m m m m m m
3
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be
m m m m m m m m m
maverted. ANS: A m m PTS: m 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
munderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
m m m m m m m m m m m m
mfeel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mhow neurons communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mbehavior and mental processing.m m m
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
m m m m m m m m
e. Nonargument.
ANS: m D PTS: m m 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ma nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mliving organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcrystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcells and cause disease.
m m m
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
m m m m m m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
m m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living
m m m m m m m
mcells. ANS: B m m PTS: m 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mwarming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the
m m m m m m m m m m m m
mwind down by 82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mnew photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
minto electricity. Today the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcoal-fired plants. m
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
m m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
m m m m m m m m m
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into
m m m m m m m
melectricity. ANS: D PTS: m m m 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcommit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mprisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mevidence had been available, how may more would have been exonerated?
m m m m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
m m m m m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
m m m m m m m m m m m m
4
m m m
1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE m
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from m m m m m m m m
mnonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
m m m m m m m m m
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mworking more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mactivity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mgrowing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
m m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
m m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing
m m m m m m m m
mless. ANS: D
m m PTS: m 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mother metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mblood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
madults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcalcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mability to think and recall information.
m m m m m
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. m m m m
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall
m m m m m m m
minformation. ANS: C PTS: m m m 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mchoose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mextremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mwisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mfollow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
m m m m m m
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
m m m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
m m m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
m m m m m m m m m m
e. Nonargument.
ANS: m E PTS: m m 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mincome tax and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcorrect to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
2
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
m m m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Nonargument.
ANS: m A PTS: m m 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely
m m m m m m m m m m
mto be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
msignificantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mboth murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe same offenses than black women.
m m m m m
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
m m m m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in
m m m m m m m m m
mprison. ANS: B m m PTS: m 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcriminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
munprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that
m m m m m m m m m m m m
massists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
madvertisers by using these zombie computers to visit pay-per-click ads.
m m m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
m m m m m m m m m
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a
m m m m m m m m m
mfirewall. ANS: E m m PTS: m 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthrough the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
m m m m m m m m m m m m
mreflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mfor planetologists.
m
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
m m m m m m m m
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the
m m m m m m m
matmosphere. ANS: C PTS: m m m 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcommunities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mtraditional medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mhalted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mthe wild will be averted.
m m m m
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
m m m m m m m m m
3
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be
m m m m m m m m m
maverted. ANS: A m m PTS: m 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
munderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
m m m m m m m m m m m m
mfeel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mhow neurons communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mbehavior and mental processing.m m m
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
m m m m m m m m
e. Nonargument.
ANS: m D PTS: m m 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ma nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mliving organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcrystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcells and cause disease.
m m m
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
m m m m m m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
m m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living
m m m m m m m
mcells. ANS: B m m PTS: m 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mwarming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the
m m m m m m m m m m m m
mwind down by 82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mnew photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
minto electricity. Today the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcoal-fired plants. m
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
m m m m m m m m m m
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
m m m m m m m m m
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
m m m m m m m m m
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into
m m m m m m m
melectricity. ANS: D PTS: m m m 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcommit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mcases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mprisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
mevidence had been available, how may more would have been exonerated?
m m m m m m m m m m
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
m m m m m m m m m m m
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
m m m m m m m
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
m m m m m m m m m
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
m m m m m m m m m m m m
4
