GEOG 1310 Exam #1|Questions
and Answers 2024
What is the world bank's main criteria for classifying national economies? - -
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
- Explain the differences between GDP and GNI - -GNI (Gross National
Income)=
-an indicator of the overall size of the national economy (GNI per capita= GNI
divided by its population shows the standard of living in countries)
-a measure of the value of the output produces by the "nationals" of a
country
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)=
-gross domstic product; foreign countries producing inside US
-focuses on where the output is produced rather than who produced it
- What is the current international poverty line? - --$1.90 a day ($693.50 a
year)
-there's 736 million people under this line
- What does the term "bottom billion" refer to? - -severe deprivation of basic
human needs
- What is the Gini coefficient? - --measures the income distribution of a
nation's residents
-by Italian sociologist Corrado Gini
-ranges from 0 (perfect equality; everybody gets the same income) to I (or
100%; one person gets all the money)
- What is purchasing power parity? - -the rate of conversion of one country's
currency to purchase the same goods (a "basket of goods" approach; $1 has
different values in different countries)
- Third World - --described newly independent former colonies, non-aligned
with either capitalist or socialist system
-term coined by Alfred Sauvy in 1952
-term outdated after the Cold War ended (around 1991)
- Global South - --all developing countries (based on GNI per capita) or all
countries located below the Brandt line
-refers to countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (bias against non-
Western World)
, -Willy Brandt (1980) drew the Brandt Line to single out "southern"
economies, but indifferent go diversity within the poor south
- emerging markets - --to promote business investments in low-income
countries
-but not reflect a growing gap between the developed and the developing
-newly industrialized countries plus those with the potential to become newly
industrialized
- BRIC(S) countries - --Brazil, Russia, India, China (& South Africa)
-dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and raw materials
-1/4 of the world's land area; 40% of the world's population
-created by Jim O'Neill in 2001, for "economic powerhouses in the making"
-South Africa included since 2010
- Name the four human development indicators and three gender
empowerment indicators - -Human Development Indicators:
1. Life expectancy at birth
2. adult literacy rate
3. school enrollment
4. GNI per capita
Gender Empowerment Indicators:
1. voting (% of women in parliaments)
2. earned income
3. power positions (% of women in these positions)
- Theories of Development (4) - --Classical Approaches (blaming the poor)
VS Marxist Approaches (blaming the capitalist system)
-to explain causes of poverty (underdevelopment)
-to provide suggestions for poverty reduction and development efforts
-the four theories: Modernization Theory, Neoliberalism, Dependency Theory,
World Systems Theory
- Modernization Theory (1/2 Classical Approaches)
-Cause of Poverty/underdevelopment?
-Why poor?
-Path to Development?
-Criticism? - --cause of poverty/underdevelopment= lack of modernity in
developing countries (backward, rural, traditional)
-poor because not modern (economy, institutions, value)
-path to development= modernization and Westernization (to modernize the
economy, institutions, & values)
-criticism= Eurocentric view of the world
- Neoliberalism (1/2 Classical Approaches)
and Answers 2024
What is the world bank's main criteria for classifying national economies? - -
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
- Explain the differences between GDP and GNI - -GNI (Gross National
Income)=
-an indicator of the overall size of the national economy (GNI per capita= GNI
divided by its population shows the standard of living in countries)
-a measure of the value of the output produces by the "nationals" of a
country
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)=
-gross domstic product; foreign countries producing inside US
-focuses on where the output is produced rather than who produced it
- What is the current international poverty line? - --$1.90 a day ($693.50 a
year)
-there's 736 million people under this line
- What does the term "bottom billion" refer to? - -severe deprivation of basic
human needs
- What is the Gini coefficient? - --measures the income distribution of a
nation's residents
-by Italian sociologist Corrado Gini
-ranges from 0 (perfect equality; everybody gets the same income) to I (or
100%; one person gets all the money)
- What is purchasing power parity? - -the rate of conversion of one country's
currency to purchase the same goods (a "basket of goods" approach; $1 has
different values in different countries)
- Third World - --described newly independent former colonies, non-aligned
with either capitalist or socialist system
-term coined by Alfred Sauvy in 1952
-term outdated after the Cold War ended (around 1991)
- Global South - --all developing countries (based on GNI per capita) or all
countries located below the Brandt line
-refers to countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (bias against non-
Western World)
, -Willy Brandt (1980) drew the Brandt Line to single out "southern"
economies, but indifferent go diversity within the poor south
- emerging markets - --to promote business investments in low-income
countries
-but not reflect a growing gap between the developed and the developing
-newly industrialized countries plus those with the potential to become newly
industrialized
- BRIC(S) countries - --Brazil, Russia, India, China (& South Africa)
-dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and raw materials
-1/4 of the world's land area; 40% of the world's population
-created by Jim O'Neill in 2001, for "economic powerhouses in the making"
-South Africa included since 2010
- Name the four human development indicators and three gender
empowerment indicators - -Human Development Indicators:
1. Life expectancy at birth
2. adult literacy rate
3. school enrollment
4. GNI per capita
Gender Empowerment Indicators:
1. voting (% of women in parliaments)
2. earned income
3. power positions (% of women in these positions)
- Theories of Development (4) - --Classical Approaches (blaming the poor)
VS Marxist Approaches (blaming the capitalist system)
-to explain causes of poverty (underdevelopment)
-to provide suggestions for poverty reduction and development efforts
-the four theories: Modernization Theory, Neoliberalism, Dependency Theory,
World Systems Theory
- Modernization Theory (1/2 Classical Approaches)
-Cause of Poverty/underdevelopment?
-Why poor?
-Path to Development?
-Criticism? - --cause of poverty/underdevelopment= lack of modernity in
developing countries (backward, rural, traditional)
-poor because not modern (economy, institutions, value)
-path to development= modernization and Westernization (to modernize the
economy, institutions, & values)
-criticism= Eurocentric view of the world
- Neoliberalism (1/2 Classical Approaches)
