NBME PATHOLOGY FINAL EXAM TEST BANK 2024/2025 NEWEST!!
ACTUAL COMPLETE 300 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) A GRADED.
What are Psammoma bodies? - ANSWER -laminated,
concentric, calcific spherules. Seen in: papillary
carcinoma of the thyroid, serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of
ovary, meningioma, malignant mesothelioma
What cancers have the highest incidence in men? - ANSWER -
prostate > lung > colon / rectum.
What cancers have highest incidence in women? - ANSWER -breast
> lung > colon / rectum. Note: lung cancer
incidence has dropped in men but not in
women, it's remained the same.
What cancers have the highest mortality for men? - ANSWER -
Lung > prostate
What cancers have the highest mortality for women? - ANSWER -
lung > breast
What is the first leading cause of death in US? Second? - ANSWER
-1. Heart disease 2. Cancer
Primary tumors that metastasize to the brain (in order of frequency):
- ANSWER -lung > breast > genitourinary >
osteosarcoma >
melanoma > GI.
,What % of brain tumors are from metastases? How do they appear?
- ANSWER -50%. They appear as multiple,
well-circumscribed tumors at
gray / white matter junction
What are the four steps of leukocyte extravasation at injury sites? - ANSWER
-1. Margination and rolling 2. Tight binding 3. diapedesis (where it slips
between endothelial cells to get out) and 4. Migration (chemotactic signals
cause the cell to move through the interstitium to the site of injury /
inflammation).
How does margination and rolling occur? - ANSWER -E/P selectins and
GlyCAM-1 and CD34 on vessels; sialyl
lewis X molecules on leukocyte which interact with the selectins and L-
selectin on the leukocyte which interacts
with the Gly-CAM1 and CD34
on the vessels.
When scars form, what % of tensile strength is recovered ultimately, and
when is this recovered by? - ANSWER
-By 3 months, 70-80% of the tensile
strength is recovered.
Primary tumors that metastasize to liver: - ANSWER -colon >>
stomach > pancreas.
What are the most common sites of metastasis after regional
lymph nodes? - ANSWER -liver and lung
Primary tumors that metastasize to bone: - ANSWER -prostate
(blastic), breast (lytic and blastic) > lung >
thyroid
, T/F: bone metastases are more common than primary bone
tumors. - ANSWER -TRUE. much more common.
How does tight binding occur? - ANSWER -ICAM (CD54) on
vessel--> CD18/11 integrins and LFA1/mac-1 on
leukocytes. VCAM (CD106) on
vessels-->VLA4 integrins.
How does diapedesis occur? - ANSWER -PECAM-1 (CD31) on
vessels--> PECAM-1 (CD31) on leukocytes
How does migration occur? - ANSWER -the vasculature releases
chemotactic products in response to bacteria:
C5a, IL-8, LTB4, kallikrein,
plt activating factor
How do free radicals damage the cell? - ANSWER -via membrane
lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and
DNA
breakage.
How are free radicals initiated? - ANSWER -radiation exposure,
phase I metabolism of drugs, redox rxns, NO,
transition metals and
leukocyte oxidative burst.
How are free radicals eliminated? - ANSWER -By enzymes --
catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione
peroxidase, spontaneous decay, and
antioxidants (vitamins A, C, E).
ACTUAL COMPLETE 300 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) A GRADED.
What are Psammoma bodies? - ANSWER -laminated,
concentric, calcific spherules. Seen in: papillary
carcinoma of the thyroid, serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of
ovary, meningioma, malignant mesothelioma
What cancers have the highest incidence in men? - ANSWER -
prostate > lung > colon / rectum.
What cancers have highest incidence in women? - ANSWER -breast
> lung > colon / rectum. Note: lung cancer
incidence has dropped in men but not in
women, it's remained the same.
What cancers have the highest mortality for men? - ANSWER -
Lung > prostate
What cancers have the highest mortality for women? - ANSWER -
lung > breast
What is the first leading cause of death in US? Second? - ANSWER
-1. Heart disease 2. Cancer
Primary tumors that metastasize to the brain (in order of frequency):
- ANSWER -lung > breast > genitourinary >
osteosarcoma >
melanoma > GI.
,What % of brain tumors are from metastases? How do they appear?
- ANSWER -50%. They appear as multiple,
well-circumscribed tumors at
gray / white matter junction
What are the four steps of leukocyte extravasation at injury sites? - ANSWER
-1. Margination and rolling 2. Tight binding 3. diapedesis (where it slips
between endothelial cells to get out) and 4. Migration (chemotactic signals
cause the cell to move through the interstitium to the site of injury /
inflammation).
How does margination and rolling occur? - ANSWER -E/P selectins and
GlyCAM-1 and CD34 on vessels; sialyl
lewis X molecules on leukocyte which interact with the selectins and L-
selectin on the leukocyte which interacts
with the Gly-CAM1 and CD34
on the vessels.
When scars form, what % of tensile strength is recovered ultimately, and
when is this recovered by? - ANSWER
-By 3 months, 70-80% of the tensile
strength is recovered.
Primary tumors that metastasize to liver: - ANSWER -colon >>
stomach > pancreas.
What are the most common sites of metastasis after regional
lymph nodes? - ANSWER -liver and lung
Primary tumors that metastasize to bone: - ANSWER -prostate
(blastic), breast (lytic and blastic) > lung >
thyroid
, T/F: bone metastases are more common than primary bone
tumors. - ANSWER -TRUE. much more common.
How does tight binding occur? - ANSWER -ICAM (CD54) on
vessel--> CD18/11 integrins and LFA1/mac-1 on
leukocytes. VCAM (CD106) on
vessels-->VLA4 integrins.
How does diapedesis occur? - ANSWER -PECAM-1 (CD31) on
vessels--> PECAM-1 (CD31) on leukocytes
How does migration occur? - ANSWER -the vasculature releases
chemotactic products in response to bacteria:
C5a, IL-8, LTB4, kallikrein,
plt activating factor
How do free radicals damage the cell? - ANSWER -via membrane
lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and
DNA
breakage.
How are free radicals initiated? - ANSWER -radiation exposure,
phase I metabolism of drugs, redox rxns, NO,
transition metals and
leukocyte oxidative burst.
How are free radicals eliminated? - ANSWER -By enzymes --
catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione
peroxidase, spontaneous decay, and
antioxidants (vitamins A, C, E).
