2011 Japanese tsunami (energy policy) Geological structure Sediment Cell concept (sources, transfers and sinks) is important in
Physical
o Magnitude 9 earthquake - largest in Japan’s history influences the development understanding the coast as a system with both negative and positive
o Triggered tsunami warnings throughout Pacific within of coastal landscapes feedback - an example of dynamic equilibrium
3mins - gave people 20mins to get to safety
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Sediment cells: a length of coastline and its associated nearshore area
→ Japanese Meteorological Agency put alerts on live
• 14-mile stretch of within which the movement of sediment is self contained.
case studies television + on its mobile network.
coastline
o Largely prepared for earthquake (buildings remained Sediment sinks - These are where sediment transport paths meet so
• Composed of rocks such
Tectonic mega-disasters can have regional and global standing), but not for the subsequent Tsunami. as limestone (formed in that sediment builds up in major depositional environments.
significance in terms of economic/human impacts o Has a huge GDP - it was $34,000 in 2011 Carboniferous Period) and Sediment cell 5 - A major sediment cell on the South Coast of England
→ 40% of its coastline had 10m high sea walls but the Blue Lias
2004 Asian tsunami - stretches from Portland Bill to Selsey Bill.
the waves were 15m high in places
o Boxing day in the Indian Ocean • Includes Southerndown o Main inputs: sand, pebbles and large rocks due to cliff erosion
o Magnitude 9 earthquake, tsunami travelled at • 16,000 died, 27,000 injured and millions lost homes Coast – a Site of Special o Sediment sub-cell A has the most estuarine environments,
800km/h and reached shores 15m high + livelihoods due to flooding/fires Scientific Interest (cliffs particularly near Chichester - mixture of slow moving saline + non-
• 4.4 million households in north-east Japan had no expose local geological saline water creates unique environments (salt marshes).
• ¼ million died in 14 countries - Indonesia = worst
electricity and 1.5 million were without water - strata; horizontal bedding o Dominant longshore drift direction is east.
• 2 million homeless
diseases such as Cholera & Typhoid spread rapidly plane) o The major stores of sediment:
• Farmland ruined by salt
• The World Bank estimated cost was $235 billion ❊ Wave-cut platform → The Duver spit on the Isle of Wight
• Economic damage = $4.5 billion and the tourism (Northern section of the
• 3 nuclear meltdowns at Fukushima power plant - → Chichester Tidal Delta (dredged)
+ fishing industry were disrupted Southerndown Coast) -
caused contamination of the sea and land &forced • Naish is heavily populated - suburban type developments and
• Hospitals couldn’t cope - mass graves built to Cliff was undercut. Above
evacuation of residents within 20m radius recreational/tourist functions.
stop the spread of disease the notch has no support
Just 6 days after the quake a motorway was repaired – • There are many conservation sites -SSSI of Christchurch Harbour
£40 million rebuilding product showing the rapidity with which the Japanese can work so collapses. As the cliff
retreats, a wave cut and Hurst Castle Spit (due to salt marshes and migratory birds) and
Water purification tablets, medical supplies and with their capacity to cope. They provided shelters, Naish Farm/Barton cliffs (due to fossils).
platform is left behind and
temporary housing given in aid from international food, water and relief to affected areas. • Seaside resorts - Bournemouth attracts 7 million visitors annually.
as it grows, the waves
countries Human impacts on this sediment cell:
Japan’s energy policy must travel further to
2006 - Indian Ocean tsunami warning system • Before 27% of Japan’s electricity came from nuclear reach the cliff so lose • The shingle deposits which protect and nourish the are dredged
Education and awareness of tsunamis in schools energy but immediately after the earthquake, more energy and erode which causes sediment starvation (Naish - for transport).
Oxfam helped to prepare people for the impact of nuclear power stations near epicentre were shut the cliffs less. • Coastal protection affects sediment movement as well as the
future disasters -in Indonesia, they helped to down. ❊ Rock stack (located supply of sediment (input) if cliffs are protected, disrupting the
develop disaster risk reduction plans for villages → By 2013 the amount of nuclear energy generated between Southerndown dynamics of the sediment cell:
and Nash Point) – due to → Selsey = groynes, seawalls and a beach nourishment scheme -
dropped to just 1% = global impact – Germany
2010 Eyafjallajokull eruption in Iceland (global vertical weaknesses, such defences protect over 600 properties from erosion/flooding.
also shut down all of its nuclear plants. as fractures, which allow
interdependence) • High electricity prices, a slow economy and a reliance → Barton on Sea in Hampshire = groynes and planted plants in
o Composite volcano in Iceland (MEDC – high waves to erode that part order to stabilise the cliffs and reduce cliff collapse.
on imported fossil fuels meant the country’s new of the cliff at a faster rate
capacity to cope) government reintroduced nuclear power as part of which widens the fracture. Rapid coastal recession - caused by physical factors but influenced by
o Icelandic Meteorological Office monitors earth its energy policy - by 2030 nuclear energy would human actions
movements, water conditions and weather - generate 20-22% of Japan’s electricity.
issues warnings - signs of the earthquake meant The Nile Delta = a depositional landform formed from sediment brought down the Nile
700 were already evacuated due to flooding and Multiple-hazard zone - linked hydrometeorological hazards can by annual floods.
the emergency services were prepared contribute to tectonic disasters o 95% of Egypt’s population live in the delta area
o Along coastline = holiday beach resorts, coastal defences, fisheries, settlements and
• Erupted under a 150m icecap – contaminated Philippines hazard hotspot (7,000 islands in South-East Asia)
transport infrastructures.
water with fluoride o Destructive plate boundary - Philippine plate
• Changes in sediment volume from the River Nile are caused by the Aswan High Dam
• Magma + water made an ash cloud - blocked sun subducted under Eurasian
which trapped sediment as well as water withdrawals for industry, cities + farming
• £80 million lost • Volcanoes: Mount Pinatubo 2005 (common + violent) from the reservoir
• Homes and roads destroyed • Earthquakes: Luzon 1990 • Along the Egyptian coast, rising sea levels have combined with a sinking landmass –
• Crops damaged by ash – 20 farms destroyed • Landslides: rain, steep slopes + population pressures - deforestation coastline experiencing retreat as offshore bars are eroded
• Over 100,000 flights cancelled over 8 days • Hurricanes: 10 every year, develop in Pacific Ocean - cause flooding • If sea levels rise by 1m by the end of the century and no action is taken, 2 million
causing global effects - no fresh imports and → The island of Luzon and the area around Manila are more at risk hectares of fertile land will be lost and at least 6 million people displaced
sporting events cancelled because they have a high population density • Salt intrusion into the delta due to sea-level rise and flooding.
• Boosted tourism → Has a fast growing economy, but there are still many below the • Erosion rates at the Rosetta, where one main delta branch of the river meets the sea,
• Produced fertile soil and thermal energy poverty line - severely affected by a disaster jumped from around 25m per year to over 200m as delta was starved of sediment.
Physical
o Magnitude 9 earthquake - largest in Japan’s history influences the development understanding the coast as a system with both negative and positive
o Triggered tsunami warnings throughout Pacific within of coastal landscapes feedback - an example of dynamic equilibrium
3mins - gave people 20mins to get to safety
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Sediment cells: a length of coastline and its associated nearshore area
→ Japanese Meteorological Agency put alerts on live
• 14-mile stretch of within which the movement of sediment is self contained.
case studies television + on its mobile network.
coastline
o Largely prepared for earthquake (buildings remained Sediment sinks - These are where sediment transport paths meet so
• Composed of rocks such
Tectonic mega-disasters can have regional and global standing), but not for the subsequent Tsunami. as limestone (formed in that sediment builds up in major depositional environments.
significance in terms of economic/human impacts o Has a huge GDP - it was $34,000 in 2011 Carboniferous Period) and Sediment cell 5 - A major sediment cell on the South Coast of England
→ 40% of its coastline had 10m high sea walls but the Blue Lias
2004 Asian tsunami - stretches from Portland Bill to Selsey Bill.
the waves were 15m high in places
o Boxing day in the Indian Ocean • Includes Southerndown o Main inputs: sand, pebbles and large rocks due to cliff erosion
o Magnitude 9 earthquake, tsunami travelled at • 16,000 died, 27,000 injured and millions lost homes Coast – a Site of Special o Sediment sub-cell A has the most estuarine environments,
800km/h and reached shores 15m high + livelihoods due to flooding/fires Scientific Interest (cliffs particularly near Chichester - mixture of slow moving saline + non-
• 4.4 million households in north-east Japan had no expose local geological saline water creates unique environments (salt marshes).
• ¼ million died in 14 countries - Indonesia = worst
electricity and 1.5 million were without water - strata; horizontal bedding o Dominant longshore drift direction is east.
• 2 million homeless
diseases such as Cholera & Typhoid spread rapidly plane) o The major stores of sediment:
• Farmland ruined by salt
• The World Bank estimated cost was $235 billion ❊ Wave-cut platform → The Duver spit on the Isle of Wight
• Economic damage = $4.5 billion and the tourism (Northern section of the
• 3 nuclear meltdowns at Fukushima power plant - → Chichester Tidal Delta (dredged)
+ fishing industry were disrupted Southerndown Coast) -
caused contamination of the sea and land &forced • Naish is heavily populated - suburban type developments and
• Hospitals couldn’t cope - mass graves built to Cliff was undercut. Above
evacuation of residents within 20m radius recreational/tourist functions.
stop the spread of disease the notch has no support
Just 6 days after the quake a motorway was repaired – • There are many conservation sites -SSSI of Christchurch Harbour
£40 million rebuilding product showing the rapidity with which the Japanese can work so collapses. As the cliff
retreats, a wave cut and Hurst Castle Spit (due to salt marshes and migratory birds) and
Water purification tablets, medical supplies and with their capacity to cope. They provided shelters, Naish Farm/Barton cliffs (due to fossils).
platform is left behind and
temporary housing given in aid from international food, water and relief to affected areas. • Seaside resorts - Bournemouth attracts 7 million visitors annually.
as it grows, the waves
countries Human impacts on this sediment cell:
Japan’s energy policy must travel further to
2006 - Indian Ocean tsunami warning system • Before 27% of Japan’s electricity came from nuclear reach the cliff so lose • The shingle deposits which protect and nourish the are dredged
Education and awareness of tsunamis in schools energy but immediately after the earthquake, more energy and erode which causes sediment starvation (Naish - for transport).
Oxfam helped to prepare people for the impact of nuclear power stations near epicentre were shut the cliffs less. • Coastal protection affects sediment movement as well as the
future disasters -in Indonesia, they helped to down. ❊ Rock stack (located supply of sediment (input) if cliffs are protected, disrupting the
develop disaster risk reduction plans for villages → By 2013 the amount of nuclear energy generated between Southerndown dynamics of the sediment cell:
and Nash Point) – due to → Selsey = groynes, seawalls and a beach nourishment scheme -
dropped to just 1% = global impact – Germany
2010 Eyafjallajokull eruption in Iceland (global vertical weaknesses, such defences protect over 600 properties from erosion/flooding.
also shut down all of its nuclear plants. as fractures, which allow
interdependence) • High electricity prices, a slow economy and a reliance → Barton on Sea in Hampshire = groynes and planted plants in
o Composite volcano in Iceland (MEDC – high waves to erode that part order to stabilise the cliffs and reduce cliff collapse.
on imported fossil fuels meant the country’s new of the cliff at a faster rate
capacity to cope) government reintroduced nuclear power as part of which widens the fracture. Rapid coastal recession - caused by physical factors but influenced by
o Icelandic Meteorological Office monitors earth its energy policy - by 2030 nuclear energy would human actions
movements, water conditions and weather - generate 20-22% of Japan’s electricity.
issues warnings - signs of the earthquake meant The Nile Delta = a depositional landform formed from sediment brought down the Nile
700 were already evacuated due to flooding and Multiple-hazard zone - linked hydrometeorological hazards can by annual floods.
the emergency services were prepared contribute to tectonic disasters o 95% of Egypt’s population live in the delta area
o Along coastline = holiday beach resorts, coastal defences, fisheries, settlements and
• Erupted under a 150m icecap – contaminated Philippines hazard hotspot (7,000 islands in South-East Asia)
transport infrastructures.
water with fluoride o Destructive plate boundary - Philippine plate
• Changes in sediment volume from the River Nile are caused by the Aswan High Dam
• Magma + water made an ash cloud - blocked sun subducted under Eurasian
which trapped sediment as well as water withdrawals for industry, cities + farming
• £80 million lost • Volcanoes: Mount Pinatubo 2005 (common + violent) from the reservoir
• Homes and roads destroyed • Earthquakes: Luzon 1990 • Along the Egyptian coast, rising sea levels have combined with a sinking landmass –
• Crops damaged by ash – 20 farms destroyed • Landslides: rain, steep slopes + population pressures - deforestation coastline experiencing retreat as offshore bars are eroded
• Over 100,000 flights cancelled over 8 days • Hurricanes: 10 every year, develop in Pacific Ocean - cause flooding • If sea levels rise by 1m by the end of the century and no action is taken, 2 million
causing global effects - no fresh imports and → The island of Luzon and the area around Manila are more at risk hectares of fertile land will be lost and at least 6 million people displaced
sporting events cancelled because they have a high population density • Salt intrusion into the delta due to sea-level rise and flooding.
• Boosted tourism → Has a fast growing economy, but there are still many below the • Erosion rates at the Rosetta, where one main delta branch of the river meets the sea,
• Produced fertile soil and thermal energy poverty line - severely affected by a disaster jumped from around 25m per year to over 200m as delta was starved of sediment.
