Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2

Mechanical obstruction (Intussusception) - answerSudden or gradual and partial or complete blockage of intestinal contents in intestines Causes of mechanical obstruction - answerforeign bodies, tumors, adhesions, hernias, intussusception (telescoping), volvulus, strictures, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung's disease, and fecal impaction Causes of functional obstruction - answerneurologic impairment; intra-abdominal surgery complications; chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances; infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; renal and lung disease; and medications (e.g., narcotics) peritonitis - answerinflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs within it) Why does the abdomen become rigid with peritonitis? - answerDue to inflammation And abdominal muscle spasms Ulcerative colitis V Chron's - answerUC: - Condition in mucosa only - Begins in the rectum and then extends to the entire colon - Develops fast (20-30 sec) - Rarely affects small intestines - inflammation triggered by T cells accumulation in mucosa Chron's: - Condition that is full thickness - Can be anywhere in small/large intestine (colon) - Cobblestone appearance (fissures/nodules) - loses ability to digest and absorb - Abd. pain in right lower quadrant - Intestinal wall is thick/rigid - Progressive condition that is slow developing pancreatitis - answerinflammation of the pancreas (acute/chronic) acute pancreatitis - answerCholelithiasis -Medical emergency - sudden and severe chronic pancreatitis - answerAlcohol abuse - gradual but harmful effects acute pancreatitis manifestations - answer- Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest -Nausea and vomiting -Mild jaundice -Low-grade fever -Blood pressure and pulse changes chronic pancreatitis manifestations - answer-Upper abdominal pain -Indigestion -Losing weight without trying -Steatorrhea -Constipation -Flatulence Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): - answerchyme or bile periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa causes of heartburn - answerdue to spasm from acid reflux GERD complications - answeresophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer (the most serious complication), and chronic pulmonary disease Cleft palate - answerpalate results from failure of the hard and soft palate to fuse in development, creating an opening between the oral and nasal cavity Cleft lip - answerCleft lip results from failure of the maxillary processes and nasal elevations or upper lip to fuse during development - answerCan affect one's appearance and may lead to feeding issues, speech problems, ear infections, and hearing problems · Causes of cleft lip and palate - answerdevelop at 4-9 weeks gestation- genetic mutations, drugs, toxins, viruses, vitamin deficiencies, and cigarette smoking appendicitis & manifestations - answerinflammation of the appendix & Sharp abdominal pain gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours), localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, Rebound tenderness, (Pain may occur anywhere in abdomen; will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, and then the pain will return and escalate), Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and bowel pattern changes, Indications of inflammation and infection (e.g., fever, chills, and leukocytosis), Indications of peritonitis (e.g., abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, and hypotension) acute gastritis & manifestations - answerinflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining - Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage, Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain, Vomiting and Anorexia (loss of appetite) chronic gastritis & manifestations - answerinflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining -Develops gradually, May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake, Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive gastroenteritis - answerInflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction. What happens if gastroenteritis is left untreated? - answerdehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Gallstones - answerCholelithiasis; biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, and leukocytosis (Upper quadrant pain) Diarrhea from antibiotics - answerantibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria disturbing the natural balance of bacteria in the intestines Dsyphagia - answerdifficulty swallowing dysuria - answerpainful or difficult urination hypospadias - answercongenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the underside of the penis epispadias - answercongenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis (urinary problems, increased UTI, needs surgical procedure) endometriosis - answerGrowth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus cystocele - answerurethrocele; bladder protrudes into anterior wall of the vagina epididymitis - answerinflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder balanitis - answerinflammation of the glans penis Testicualr Torsion - answertwisting of testes in the spermatic cord (medical emergency) amenorrhea - answerabsence of menstruation (3 or more missed menses)