Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology

Pathology – answer A branch of medicine that deals with the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease. Pathophysiology – answer A specific branch of pathology that studies functional or physiologic changes in the body that results from disease processes. Anaerobic – answer Metabolism and function without oxygen Apoptosis – answer rNormal programmed cell death in tissues Autopsy - answerAn examination of part or all of a body postmortem Biopsy - answerThe removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a Dx Endogenous - answerOriginating from within the body Exogenous - answerOriginating from outside the body Gangrene - answerNecrotic tissue infected by bacteria Infection - answerA disease caused by a microorganism Homeostasis - answerA relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including BP, temperature, and pH, maintained by the carious control mechanisms. Hypoxia - answerA decrease or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues Iatrogenic - answerCaused by Tx, procedure, or error Idiopathic - answerNo known cause Inflammation - answerThe response to tissue damage, indicted by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain Ischemia - answerDecreased blood supply to an organ or tissue Lysis - answerDestruction of a cell Lysosomal - answerPertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme Microorganism - answerVery small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single-celled Morphologic - answerThe physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs Probability - answerThe likelihood or chance of occurrence Disease - answerA deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness. The WHO includes physical, mental, and social well-being in its definition. Why is a state of health difficult to define? - answerBecause of the genetic differences among individuals as well as the many variations in life experiences and environmental influences create a variable base. Seven Steps to Health - answer1) Be a non-smoker and avoid second-hand smoke 2) Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables/fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower-fat foods. If you drink ETOH, limit your intake to 1-2 drinks per day. 3) Be physically active on a regular basis: This will help you maintain a healthy body weight 4) Protect yourself and family members from the sun 5) Follow cancer screening guidelines 6) Visit your doctor/dentist if you notice any change in your normal state of health. 7) Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials. The basic building blocks that facilitates the study of a specific disease - answer1) The signs related to the specific site of damage. 2) The signs related to the pathologic process. The primary focus in health care - answerPrevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - answerBased in Atlanta, Ga, is primarily concerned with decreasing the incidence of certain diseases. Their main focus is the awareness of screening programs and collecting data about all types of disease and provide evidence based recommendations for prevention. The Three-stage Process to health research - answer1st stage- "Basic science" in which researchers ID a technology that will work to limit or prevent the disease process. Carried out in a lab and often requires the use of animals or cell cultures. 2nd stage- Involves a small number of human subject to determine if the therapy is safe. 3rd stage- "Clinical Trails" only takes place if the results of the previous research are positive; majority don't make it. Single-blind Studies - answerOnly the pt is unaware of which therapy is being given Double-blind Studies - answerNeither pt nor the researchers is aware of which Tx is being given. This study is proctored by a third party. Evidence-based Research - answerResearch findings that demonstrate merit after the three-stage process. It does not take into account cost, availability, or social and cultural factors that may influence use and acceptance of a therapy. Importance of Hx, SAMPLE - answer1) May determine Tx, 2) What impact will it have on pt? 3) How's a pt's illness might complicate care? Ex. therapy/drugs, prescription, non-prescription, herbal items HPV - answerHas a prevalence of about 45% in Americans age 20-24. Est. 70-80% of sexually active Americans will be infected with it at some point in their life. Gardasil, a new vaccine, prevents types 16, 18, 6, 11 and can help prevent cervical cancer. How collects reports from health care professionals? - answerWHO, United States Public Health Service, CDC Dx - answerThe identification of a specific disease through evaluation of S/S, laboratory test, or other tools. More than one factor is usually required to make an accurate Dx. Etiology - answerCause of a specific disease Idiopathic - answerCause of disease is unknown Iatrogenic - answerDisease caused by Tx, procedure, or error. Predisposing Factors - answerTendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual. Prevention - answerIs closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease. Preventive measures based on accurate research - answerVaccinations, porper diet/lifestyle, cessation of harmful behavior, removal of harmful materials Pathogenesis - answerDevelopment of a disease Acute onset - answerSudden beginning of a disease or disorder. Insidious onset - answerDevelopment of a disorder/disease that occurs gradually over an extended period (contrast with acute onset). Different possible stages of disease - answerSubclinical state- undetectable Latent Stage- dormant Incubation Period- From exposure to S/S Prodromal Period- Non-specific signs of an illness Manifestation- Clinical evidence or effects Signs - answerObjective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others Symptoms - answerSubjective indications of disease reported by the patient Disease Progression - answerRemission- Manifestations subside Ex