BIO 669 Fluid and electrolyte balance/acid base balance Northern Kentucky University

Aldosterone is influenced by what? - answercirculating blood volume, blood pressure, plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium What is released when circulating blood volume of bp is decreased or sodium is decreased or potassium is increased? - answerrenin is secreted and released by the kidneys Renin stimulates the release of what? - answerangiotensin Water balance is primarily regulated by what? - answerantidiuretic hormone (adh, vasopressin) Adh secretion increases what? - answerwater reabsorption into the plasma What are thirst receptors called? - answerosmolality receptors What are osmolality receptors stimulated by? - answerhyperosmolality and plasma volume depletion Volume receptors and baroreceptors stimulate the release of _______ from the ______ and stimulate thirst due to fluid loss - answeradh; pituitary gland If sodium levels rise too much, _____________ will be stimulated to be released to aid in the retention of water - answeradh An isotonic fluid excess is called? - answerhypervolemia Excessive administration of iv fluids can lead to? - answerhypervolemia Hypersecretion of aldosterone can lead to? - answerhypervolemia What are the symptoms of hypervolemia? - answerdistended neck veins, increased bp, increased hydrostatic pressure leading to edema formation Hypervolemia is treated with? - answerdiuretics Aldosterone enhances the loss of____________ - answerpotassium Sodium and chloride balance is maintained by______________________ - answerrenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system controls ______________ retention and thus volume/pressure in the vascular system - answersodium The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system affects __________________ and ___________ release - answervasomotor tone; adh _______________ leads to sodium and water reabsorption back into the circulation and excretion of potassium - answeraldosterone ______________________ cause sodium and water exertion - answernature tic peptides __________________ is the major intracellular electrolyte and is essential for normal cellular functions - answerpotassium The distribution of potassium between intracellular and extracellular fluids is influenced by what factors? - answerinsulin, aldosterone, epinephrine, alkalosis An insulin deficiency, aldosterone deficiency, acidosis, cell lysis and strenuous exercise can facilitate the shift of potassium________ of cells - answerout The ________________ is the most efficient regulator of potassium balance - answerkidney When the body senses a lot of potassium has been ingested what happens? - answerpotassium will be excreted in urine During acute acidosis hydrogen ions accumulate in the icf and potassium shifts _______________ - answerout of the cell _____________________ ____________________ is the ability of the body to adapt to increased levels of potassium - answerpotassium adaptation Shallow t waves and u waves are seen on and ekg in ________________________ - answerhypokalemia Insulin promotes cellular uptake of potassium and insulin administration may cause ________________ - answerhypokalemia due to an ecf potassium deficit Diabetic ketoacidosis causes an increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the ecf causing ______________ to shift into the cell in exchange for ________________ - answerhydrogen; potassium What are they clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? - answercardiac and neuromuscular manifestations Neuromuscular excitability decreases Skeletal muscle weakness Smooth muscle atony Cardiac dysrhythmias Glucose intolerance Impaired urinary concentrating ability Hypokalemia delays the__________________ phase of the heart - answerrepolarization What cardiac manifestations might be seen with hypokalemia? - answersinus brady Av blocks Paf Atrial tach Amplitude of t waves decreases Amplitude of u waves increases St segment depression Increases in total body potassium are ____________ - answerrare What are common causes of hyperkalemia? - answerincreased intake of potassium A shift of potassium from cells to the ecf Decreased renal excretion Ace inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and aldosterone antagonists can cause a decrease in the renal excretion of _____________ leading to _____________ - answerpotassium; hyperkalemia ______________ promotes cellular entry of potassium - answerinsulin In diabetic ketoacidosis there is a ___________ of insulin which causes ______________ - answerdecrease; hyperkalemia What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? - answerincreased neuromuscular irritability (restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea) Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone Narrow and tall t waves with a shortened qt interval Delayed cardiac conduction Renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, addison's disease, metabolic acidosis are all causes for____________ - answerhyperkalemia The natriuretic peptide system manages ______________ by getting rid of _______________ - answersodium; sodium Hyp