UNE Pathophysiology Midterm

According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, increasing the _______________ within physiologic limits will cause increased contractility - answerpreload Cardiac output is equal to heart rate time ________________ - answerstroke volume The normal pacemaker of the heart is the ____________________ - answersa node The __________________ nerves increase heart rate and contractibility. - answersympathetic At resting potential, a cardiac myocyte is __________ on the inside compared with the outside of the cell. - answernegative Cross-bridge formation that results in muscle contraction requires intracellular _________________ - answercalcium ions Thin filaments in cardiac myocytes actin and _____________ - answertroponin The ___________ arteries supply blood to the cardiac myoctes. - answercoronary Associated with differences in circulating estrogens and androgenic hormones - answergender Predisposes to hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes - answerobesity Results from genetic changes and high dietary intake of saturated fats - answerhyperlipidemia Contributes to hypertension, urge to smoke and eat, and dysfunctional carbohydrate metabolism - answersedentary lifestyle Stimulates catecholamine release, increasing blood pressure, cardiac work, and oxygen demand - answersmoking Marker of inflammation and increased risk for coronary artery disease - answerincrease C-reactive protein Causes trauma to arterial walls and increased myocardial workload - answerhypertension Increases body weight and triglyceride levels and has direct toxic effects on myocardium - answerheavy alcohol consumption Associated with hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and arterial damage from insulin resistance - answerdiabetes A patient has an embolus lodge in the coronary artery. Which condition should the nurse monitor for in this patient? A. Mitral stenosis B. Atherosclerosis C. Aortic Aneurysm D. Mycardial infarction - answerd. Myocardial infarction A nurse is how prolonged standing can lead to varicose veins. How should the nurse respond? A. Prolonged standing causes a clot B. Prolonged standing increases a valves competence C. Prolonged standing leads to stunning, hibernation, and remodeling D. Prolonged standing diminished the action of the muscle pump to return blood to the heart - answerd. Prolonged standing diminished the action of the muscle pump to return blood to the heart In the cardiac cycle, the ventricles contract during: A. The refractory period B. Disease C. Repolarization D. Systole - answerd. Systole The effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart is to: A. Increase the refractory period B. Increase the heart rate C. Decrease calcium influx D. Decrease the strength of myocardial contraction - answerb increase the heart rate The heart chamber that receives blood from the pulmonary circulation is the: A. Right Atrium B. Right ventricle C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle - answerd. Left atrium Arterial baroreceptors are located in the A. Renal artery B. Superior vena cava C. Aortic arch D. Circle of Willis - answerc. Aortic arch According to starlings law of the heart, a small increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volumes in the healthy heart will result in: A. A decrease in force of contraction B. An increase in myocardial oxygenation C. An increase in heart rate D. An increase in cardiac output - answerd. Increase in cardiac output Multiplying heart rate by stroke volume determines: A. Vascular resistance B. Cardiac output C. Ejection fraction D. Preload - answerb. Cardiac output A cardiologist states that an athersclerotic plaque is unstable. How should this statement be interpreted? A. It will not rupture B. It will cause Prinzmetal angina C. It has a thin cap and/or rich lipid core D. It has the ability to lead to bleeding - answerc. It has a thin cap and/or rich lipid core In describing the pathophysiology of athersclerosis, which information should be included? After the fatty streak: A. Fibrotic plaque is formed B. Injured endothelial cells become inflamed C. LDL is oxidized D. Macrophages turn into foam cells - answera. Fibrotic plaque is formed Causes of hypovolemic shock include all of the following except A. Diuresis B. Brainstem injury C. Blood loss D. Dehydration - answerb. Brainstem injury Many valvular stenosis and regurgitation disorders in adults have a common etiology. Which of the following can result in both types of valve dysfunction? A. Rheumatic Heart Disease B. Connective tissue disorders C. Syphilis infection D. Heart Failure - answera. Rheumatic heart disease Which problem is a pathophysiologic consequence common to all shock states? A. Pulmonary edema B. Vasoconstriction C. Hypoperfusion D. Hypertension - answerc. Hypoperfusion A patient has left (congestive) heart failure. Which assessment findings will indicate to the nurse that pulmonary edema has developed? A. Dyspnea and cough B. Oliguria C. Syncope D. Weak pulses and decreased skin temperature - answera. Dyspnea and cough Which of the following shock states are characterized by acute, severe bronchoconstriction? A. Cardiogenic B. Anaphylactic C. Hypovolemic D. All of the above - answerb. Anaphylactic Which of the following shock states manifests with tachycardia, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment? A. Neurogenic B. Anaphylactic C. Hypovolemic D. Septic - answerc. Hypovolemic Anaphylactic shock occurs in response to severe: A. Burn injuries B. Viral infections C. Allergic reactions D. Brain injuries - answerc. Allergic reactions A patient is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures generally results from this condition? A. Right heart failure B. Left heart failure C. Low output failure D. High output failure - answera. Right heart failure Neurogenic shock is caused by: A. Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system B. Spinal cord injuries below T6 C. Injury to the cerebral cortex D. Lack of sympathetic activity - answerd. Lack of sympathetic activity Aortic stenosis results in the incomplete emptying of the: A. Right ventricle B. Right atrium C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle - answerd. Left ventricle The _________ provide a conduit for air to move to and from the atmosphere to the gas exchange units in the lungs. - answerconducting airways The terminal gas exchange unit of the lung is called an: - answeralveolus The upper respiratory tract is primarily composed of the: - answerpharynx The type II alveolar cells secrete ______________ a lipoprotein. - answersurfactant The membrane surrounding the lung is called the ___________________ - answervisceral pleura The airway structure that separates the upper airway from the lower airway is called the ___________ - answerlayrnx S