2024/2025 Veterinary Pharmacology (Penn Foster) Questions and Correct Answers with Rationales Grade A+

2024/2025 Veterinary Pharmacology (Penn Foster) Questions and Correct Answers with Rationales Grade A+ Adverse drug event - ANSWER-harm to a patient caused by a therapeutic or preventive intervention. It could be due to a medication error or adverse drug reaction Adverse drug reaction - ANSWER-an undesirable response to a drug by a patient. It may vary in severity from mild to fatal Agonist - ANSWER-a drug that brings about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor antagonist - ANSWER-a drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor compounding - ANSWER-any medication preformed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the manipulation described in the directions for use on the labeling of an approved drug product drug - ANSWER-a substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease efficacy - ANSWER-the extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient extralabel use - ANSWER-the use of a drug that is not specifically listed on the US Food and Drug Administration approved label half-life - ANSWER-the amount of time that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50% manufacturing - ANSWER-the bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the veterinarian-client-patient relationship metabolism - ANSWER-the biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body parenteral - ANSWER-the route of administration of injectable drugs partition coefficient - ANSWER-the ration of the solubility of substances between two states in which they may be found prescription (legend) drug - ANSWER-a drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations regimen - ANSWER-a program for administration of a drug that includes the route, the dose, the frequency, and the duration of administration residue - ANSWER-an amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or products at a particular point veterinarian-client-patient relationship - ANSWER-the set of circumstances that must exist between the veterinarian, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate withdrawal time - ANSWER-the length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue or products after it is no longer used indications - ANSWER-the reasons for using drugs contraindications - ANSWER-reasons for not using drugs pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-the action or effect of one drug is altered by another list common sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine - ANSWER-plants, materials, animals, laboratories diagnostic method - ANSWER-involves assessment of a patient, including a history, physical examination, laboratory test, and other diagnostic procedures to arrive at a specific diagnosis empirical method - ANSWER-calls on the use of practical experience and common sense when the drug choice is made for veterinarian-client-patient relationship to occur conditions must be met - ANSWER-the vet has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the health of the animal and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the vet's instructions; the vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis, the vet must have seen the animal recently; the vet must be available for follow up evaluation technician important responsibilities in caring out written orders to administer drugs - ANSWER-correct drug, correct route, correct time, observing animal's response to the drug, questioning any medication orders that are not clear, creating and affixing labels to medication containers accurately, explaining administration instructions to clients, recording appropriate information in the record over the counter drugs - ANSWER-drugs that do not have enough potential to be toxic or that do not require administration in special ways that do not require the supervision of a vet describe the events that occur after a drug is administered - ANSWER-it is available for absorption into the bloodstream where the drug may bind with plasma protein or stay in the free state. The blood then distributes it to the capillary level where the drug goes into the interstitial fluid. the interstitial fluid coats the cell or binds with surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell and moves back to the interstitial fluid where it reenters circulation and is metabolized in the liver and sent to the kidneys to be excreted List and describe the routes used for administration of drugs - ANSWER-intravenous (IV)- IV produces most rapid onset accompanied by the shortest duration Intramuscular (IM)- IM produces slower onset of action but longer duration of action Subcutaneous (SC)- SQ produces slower onset of action but slightly longer duration than IM Intradermal (ID)- primarily for testing for tuberculosis and allergies Intraperitoneal (IP) -> abdominal cavity; used to administer fluids, blood, and other medications when normal routes are not available Intraarterial (IA) -> artery; seldom used Intraarticular -> joint; used primarily to treat inflammatory conditions of the joint Intracardiac -> chest wall directly into chambers of heart- provides immediate access to the bloodstream and ensures that the drug is delivered quickly to all tissues Intramedullary -> directly into bone marrow; bones most used are femur and humerus; used to provide blood or fluids to animals with very small or damaged veins or for treatment of animals with very low blood pressure Epidural/subdural -> epidural: outside the dura mater but inside the spinal canal Subdural-> inside the dura mater (also called intrathecal route) biotransformation - ANSWER-the body's ability to change a drug from the form in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body list common chemical reactions involved in biotransformation - ANSWER-Oxidation- loss of electrons Reduction- gain of electrons Hydrolysis- splitting of the drug molecule and addition of a water molecule to each of the split portions Conjugation- the addition of glucuronic acid or similar compounds to the drug molecule factors that alter drug metabolism - ANSWER-species, age, nutritional status, tissue storage, health status kidneys excrete drugs by - ANSWER-Glomerular filtration: glomerulus acts like a sieve to filter drug metabolites from the blood into the glomerular filtrate, which is eliminated as urine Tubular secretion- kidney tubule cells secrete metabolites from the capillaries surrounding the tubule and into the glomerular filtrate, which becomes urine list routes of drug excretion - ANSWER-kidneys, liver(bile->small intestines->fecal), lungs(gas goes through blood-> alveoli-> expired air), Some may be actively secreted across the intestinal mucosa into the intestine for elimination, Some drugs are eliminated through sweat and saliva affinity - ANSWER-the tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor partial agonist - ANSWER-a drug with less affinity and efficacy examples of drug effects - ANSWER-stimulation, depression, irritation, cell death drug-response curve - ANSWER-displays the relationship between the dose of a drug and the body's response potency - ANSWER-the amount of a drug needed to produce a desired response therapeutic index - ANSWER-relationship between a drug's ability to achieve the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects LD50/ED50 pharmaceutic - ANSWER-physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing of drugs in a syringe or other container mechanisms of drug interactions - ANSWER-pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutic chemical drug name - ANSWER-the name that describes the molecular structure of a drug code or laboratory drug name - ANSWER-the name given to a drug by the research and development investigators compendial drug name - ANSWER-the name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia official drug name - ANSWER-usually the same as the compendial or generic name proprietary or trade name - ANSWER-the name chosen by the manufacturing company generic drug name - ANSWER-the common name chosen by the company list the item s that should be included on a drug label - ANSWER-name, concentration, quantity, name and address of the manufacturer, controlled substance status, manufacturer's control or lot number, expiration date, instruction for use, warnings or possible adverse side effects, concentration list the steps in gaining approval for a new drug - ANSWER-preliminary trials, preclinical (animal safety) trials, clinical trials, submission of a new animal drug application, final review by the FDA, product monitoring preliminary trials - ANSWER-the company wants to know whether the product will actually perform as expected, whether it will have a potential harm side effect, and whether it will be profitable. If it passes these questions it will be tested on simple organisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, or molds. preclinical trials - ANSWER-2nd stage as long as the drug has passed the preliminary trials. Lab animals are tested to gather information about appropriate doses of the drug. If the results of the preliminary trials are suitable then the appropriate government agency is contacted that a new drug is under investigation. An Investigational New Animal Drug application is filed with the FDA. If it is a pesticide the company files for an Experimental Use Permit from the EPA. If a biologic is involved the company contacts the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the USDA. clinical trials - ANSWER-drug is tested on target species. Tests must prove that the drug is safe and effective. Toxic and side effects must be identified. Tissue residue and withdrawal time must be found if the drug will be used in food-producing animals. Tested on pregnant animals to see if it is safe and the potential birth de..........