EDF 6481 - Final Exam With Complete Solutions
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sample - ANSWER A few individuals chosen for a survey in order to represent the whole.
Population - ANSWER A group of individuals of the same species that are living together
in the same area
Generalizability - ANSWER The extent to which research results can be generalized to
different groups of people not studied.
representative sample - ANSWER random sample of subjects drawn from a larger
population of subjects
random sample - ANSWER a sample that is representative of a population because each
member of the population has had an equal chance of being included
simple random sampling - ANSWER A method of sampling in which each member of the
population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
random number table ANSWER a table of numbers that occur in an unpredictable order;
often used to draw random samples, or to assign participants randomly to experimental
conditions
stratified sampling ANSWER a probability sample in which the population is divided into
groups that share a common attribute, and a random sample is drawn from each group
proportional sampling - ANSWER A method used to ensure that a survey sample
contains representatives of each subset in the survey population in proportion to that
,group's size in the universe.
cluster sampling - ANSWER A probability sampling technique in which clusters of
participants within the population of interest are selected at random with subsequent
data collection from all individuals in each cluster.
systematic sampling - ANSWER A procedure in which the selected sampling units are
spaced regularly throughout the population; that is, every n'th unit is selected.
sampling error - ANSWER the difference between the results of random samples taken
at the same time
sampling bias - ANSWER A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of
the population from which it is drawn.
nonrandom sample - ANSWER sample which cannot be generalized to the population;
sample which is not a random sample
convenience sample - ANSWER sample selected without random mechanism; samples
selected for convenience in selection
purposive sampling - ANSWER a biased method of sampling in which only certain types
of people are included in a sample
quota sampling - ANSWER A nonprobability sampling technique in which researchers
subdivide the population of interest into groups and then, randomly or arbitrarily, select
participants from each group
Qualitative Sampling - ANSWER The process of selecting a limited number of people for
a study in such a way that the persons selected will be good key informants-that is,
reflective and thoughtful, a good communicator, comfortable.
, Intensity Sampling A non-probability sampling method in which samples are taken from
the most intense of the cases. This, however, is not much deviant from the normal
cases, yet it is unusually more or less intense.
Homogenous sampling - ANSWER Participants highly similar in experience perspective
or outlook are selected.
criterion sampling - ANSWER (qual) selecting all cases that meet some set of criteria or
have some characteristics. Researcher might select students who have been held back
in 2 successive years or teachers who left the profession to raise children and then
return to teaching
snowball sampling - ANSWER a variation on purposive sampling, a biased sampling
technique in which participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study
Random purposive sampling - ANSWER Sample would be selected with more
participants than needed; participants then are randomly chosen from that list
Data saturation - ANSWER in qualitative research, the point when no new information is
being gathered and repetition of information is continually heard
Statistical power - ANSWER the likelihood that the study will produce a statistically
significant result if the research hypothesis is true Type 1 error - ANSWER also known
as "alpha error", it refers to rejecting a true null hypothesis
type II error-ANSWER failing to reject a false null hypothesis
effect size-ANSWER the size of a relationship between two or more variables
one-tailed test-ANSWER a hypothesis test in which the research hypothesis is
directional, positing either a mean decrease or a mean increase in the dependent
variable, but not both, as a result of the independent variable
two-tailed test-a hypothesis test in which the research hypothesis does not indicate a
direction of the mean difference or change in the dependent variable, but merely
indicates that there will be a mean difference
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sample - ANSWER A few individuals chosen for a survey in order to represent the whole.
Population - ANSWER A group of individuals of the same species that are living together
in the same area
Generalizability - ANSWER The extent to which research results can be generalized to
different groups of people not studied.
representative sample - ANSWER random sample of subjects drawn from a larger
population of subjects
random sample - ANSWER a sample that is representative of a population because each
member of the population has had an equal chance of being included
simple random sampling - ANSWER A method of sampling in which each member of the
population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
random number table ANSWER a table of numbers that occur in an unpredictable order;
often used to draw random samples, or to assign participants randomly to experimental
conditions
stratified sampling ANSWER a probability sample in which the population is divided into
groups that share a common attribute, and a random sample is drawn from each group
proportional sampling - ANSWER A method used to ensure that a survey sample
contains representatives of each subset in the survey population in proportion to that
,group's size in the universe.
cluster sampling - ANSWER A probability sampling technique in which clusters of
participants within the population of interest are selected at random with subsequent
data collection from all individuals in each cluster.
systematic sampling - ANSWER A procedure in which the selected sampling units are
spaced regularly throughout the population; that is, every n'th unit is selected.
sampling error - ANSWER the difference between the results of random samples taken
at the same time
sampling bias - ANSWER A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of
the population from which it is drawn.
nonrandom sample - ANSWER sample which cannot be generalized to the population;
sample which is not a random sample
convenience sample - ANSWER sample selected without random mechanism; samples
selected for convenience in selection
purposive sampling - ANSWER a biased method of sampling in which only certain types
of people are included in a sample
quota sampling - ANSWER A nonprobability sampling technique in which researchers
subdivide the population of interest into groups and then, randomly or arbitrarily, select
participants from each group
Qualitative Sampling - ANSWER The process of selecting a limited number of people for
a study in such a way that the persons selected will be good key informants-that is,
reflective and thoughtful, a good communicator, comfortable.
, Intensity Sampling A non-probability sampling method in which samples are taken from
the most intense of the cases. This, however, is not much deviant from the normal
cases, yet it is unusually more or less intense.
Homogenous sampling - ANSWER Participants highly similar in experience perspective
or outlook are selected.
criterion sampling - ANSWER (qual) selecting all cases that meet some set of criteria or
have some characteristics. Researcher might select students who have been held back
in 2 successive years or teachers who left the profession to raise children and then
return to teaching
snowball sampling - ANSWER a variation on purposive sampling, a biased sampling
technique in which participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study
Random purposive sampling - ANSWER Sample would be selected with more
participants than needed; participants then are randomly chosen from that list
Data saturation - ANSWER in qualitative research, the point when no new information is
being gathered and repetition of information is continually heard
Statistical power - ANSWER the likelihood that the study will produce a statistically
significant result if the research hypothesis is true Type 1 error - ANSWER also known
as "alpha error", it refers to rejecting a true null hypothesis
type II error-ANSWER failing to reject a false null hypothesis
effect size-ANSWER the size of a relationship between two or more variables
one-tailed test-ANSWER a hypothesis test in which the research hypothesis is
directional, positing either a mean decrease or a mean increase in the dependent
variable, but not both, as a result of the independent variable
two-tailed test-a hypothesis test in which the research hypothesis does not indicate a
direction of the mean difference or change in the dependent variable, but merely
indicates that there will be a mean difference
