THE LIFE SPAN- HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
FOR HELPING PROFESSIONALS PRACTICE
EXAM 2023-2024
Environmental substances and agents that could harm the developing fetus. (alcohol,
tobacco, drugs, AIDS, lead, PCBS)
Damage related to the stage of development
Not all are susceptible
Dosage (no safe level of alcohol)
Risk amplified when exposure to more than one factor is present: Cocaine abusing
mothers. - Answer-Teratogens
Four Horseman of the Apocalypse - Answer-hurt relationships: 1. Criticism, 2.
Defensiveness 3. Contempt 4. Stonewalling
the time when emerging adults begin to move away from home and become more self-
sufficient - Answer-Launching period
those who carry the double responsibilities of taking care of both an elderly relative and
their own children. - Answer-Sandwich generation
the person in an extended family who helps the generations maintain contact with one
another - Answer-Kinkeeper
growing up - Answer-Adolescing
growing down - Answer-Senescing
Sternberg's Triangular theory of Love
• Three elements: - Answer-passion, intimacy, commitment
Sternberg's Triangular theory of Love
Kinds of Love: - Answer-o Nonlove- Intimacy present, passion/commitment not present
o Liking- intimacy present, passion/commitment not present
o Infatuation- passion present, intimacy/commitment not present
o Empty love- commitment present, intimacy/passion not present
o Romantic love- passion/intimacy present, commitment not present
o Companionate love- intimacy/commitment present, passion not present
o Fatuous love- intimacy not present, passion/commitment not present
o Consummate love- all three present
Unexpected events: good and bad - Answer-Nonnormative Changes
,changes in our life experience that are a function of historical circumstance, including
events that we share with our whole cohort - Answer-History Graded changes
Fluid Intelligence (mechanics) - Answer-• peaks during early adulthood and then
declines
• basic operational characteristics (mechanics) that seem to directly reflect how well the
"hardware " of the nervous system is working. Its functions include such things as
processing speed and inhibitory mechanisms
• improves through middle age and on
• the compilation of skills and information we have acquired in the course of our lives
that can be viewed as the software programs of our nervous system - Answer-
Crystallized intelligence (pragmatics)
The Big 5 dimensions of personality - Answer-• Neuroticism- tense, touchy, self-pitying,
unstable mood, anxious
• Extraversion- outgoing, active, assertive, energetic, talkative, enthusiastic
• Agreeableness- warm, sympathetic, generous, forgiving, kind, affectionate, compliant
• Conscientiousness- organized, planful, reliable, responsible, careful, efficient, self-
controlled
• Openness to experience- creative, artistic, curious, insightful, original, wide-ranging
interests, positive orientation to learning
Growth, Maintenance, and Loss - Answer-• Growth- when we add new characteristics,
understandings, skills
• Maintenance- continue functioning at the same level in the face of challenges or
restoring our functioning after suffering some loss
• Loss- reorganization of how we behave, adjusting expectations and accepting a lower
level of functioning
Social Competence - Answer-• Social Competence: empathy, valuing, perspective
taking
• Social Skills
• Peer Groups
• Cliques
• Crowds
• DE grouping
Gender Schema Theory - Answer-• A network of expectations and beliefs about male
and female characteristics
• Affect how children evaluate behaviors and the kinds of behaviors they choose for self
• Examples:
• Spilled milk
• Novel toy
• Two year olds: little awareness
• Three year olds: gender preference for toys
, • Four year olds: sexist regardless of parenting
• Age 5 or 6: knowledge of gendered activities and occupations is extensive
• Middle childhood: more awareness of stereotypes
• By age 10: recognize that female roles are devalued (may be why females show more
susceptibility to depression
Marcia
Gender Identity - Answer-• The Story of Augustina (1913)
• Gender Category
• Late Year 1: perceptual distinctions between sexes
• 2.5 to 3: can label self
• Early 3: Some skill at labeling boy/girl
• Gender Stability: one's category stays the same 3-4 years old (still fragile)
• Gender Constancy: membership is permanent
• Even if clothes, hair, etc. change: sex would not change
• Growth in Self-awareness
o Social comparisons
o Feedback about self from others
Perry studies (3rd to 8th graders): - Answer-o 3 dimensions
o Gender compatibility, contentedness, pressure for sex-typing
o Dissatisfaction dependent upon pressures to conform by others
o Children's optimal adjustment: secure in self; free to explore
Dimensions and Types of Status - Answer-• Popular- high levels of self-regulation and
self-control, prosoiclal, cooperative, intelligent
• Rejected-high levels of instrumental aggression, verbal negativity, disruptiveness, low
levels of positive social interaction, self-control, perspective taking
• Neglected- lowers levels of peer interaction, less aggressive, less sociability,
perceived by peers as likeable
• Average- lower levels of social competence as compared to popular children, less
aggression than rejected children
Methods of Control - Answer-• Power Assertion
• Love Withdrawal
• Induction
• Time of Day; Forewarned is Forearmed
4 Parenting practices/methods of control - Answer-• Authoritative- Demandingness-
Controlling but accepting, child-centered, responsive
• Authoritarian- demanding and controlling while rejecting, parent-centered,
unresponsive
• Permissive- no control, but accepting, child-centered, responsive
• Neglecting-univolved-no control while rejecting, parent-centered, unresponsive
FOR HELPING PROFESSIONALS PRACTICE
EXAM 2023-2024
Environmental substances and agents that could harm the developing fetus. (alcohol,
tobacco, drugs, AIDS, lead, PCBS)
Damage related to the stage of development
Not all are susceptible
Dosage (no safe level of alcohol)
Risk amplified when exposure to more than one factor is present: Cocaine abusing
mothers. - Answer-Teratogens
Four Horseman of the Apocalypse - Answer-hurt relationships: 1. Criticism, 2.
Defensiveness 3. Contempt 4. Stonewalling
the time when emerging adults begin to move away from home and become more self-
sufficient - Answer-Launching period
those who carry the double responsibilities of taking care of both an elderly relative and
their own children. - Answer-Sandwich generation
the person in an extended family who helps the generations maintain contact with one
another - Answer-Kinkeeper
growing up - Answer-Adolescing
growing down - Answer-Senescing
Sternberg's Triangular theory of Love
• Three elements: - Answer-passion, intimacy, commitment
Sternberg's Triangular theory of Love
Kinds of Love: - Answer-o Nonlove- Intimacy present, passion/commitment not present
o Liking- intimacy present, passion/commitment not present
o Infatuation- passion present, intimacy/commitment not present
o Empty love- commitment present, intimacy/passion not present
o Romantic love- passion/intimacy present, commitment not present
o Companionate love- intimacy/commitment present, passion not present
o Fatuous love- intimacy not present, passion/commitment not present
o Consummate love- all three present
Unexpected events: good and bad - Answer-Nonnormative Changes
,changes in our life experience that are a function of historical circumstance, including
events that we share with our whole cohort - Answer-History Graded changes
Fluid Intelligence (mechanics) - Answer-• peaks during early adulthood and then
declines
• basic operational characteristics (mechanics) that seem to directly reflect how well the
"hardware " of the nervous system is working. Its functions include such things as
processing speed and inhibitory mechanisms
• improves through middle age and on
• the compilation of skills and information we have acquired in the course of our lives
that can be viewed as the software programs of our nervous system - Answer-
Crystallized intelligence (pragmatics)
The Big 5 dimensions of personality - Answer-• Neuroticism- tense, touchy, self-pitying,
unstable mood, anxious
• Extraversion- outgoing, active, assertive, energetic, talkative, enthusiastic
• Agreeableness- warm, sympathetic, generous, forgiving, kind, affectionate, compliant
• Conscientiousness- organized, planful, reliable, responsible, careful, efficient, self-
controlled
• Openness to experience- creative, artistic, curious, insightful, original, wide-ranging
interests, positive orientation to learning
Growth, Maintenance, and Loss - Answer-• Growth- when we add new characteristics,
understandings, skills
• Maintenance- continue functioning at the same level in the face of challenges or
restoring our functioning after suffering some loss
• Loss- reorganization of how we behave, adjusting expectations and accepting a lower
level of functioning
Social Competence - Answer-• Social Competence: empathy, valuing, perspective
taking
• Social Skills
• Peer Groups
• Cliques
• Crowds
• DE grouping
Gender Schema Theory - Answer-• A network of expectations and beliefs about male
and female characteristics
• Affect how children evaluate behaviors and the kinds of behaviors they choose for self
• Examples:
• Spilled milk
• Novel toy
• Two year olds: little awareness
• Three year olds: gender preference for toys
, • Four year olds: sexist regardless of parenting
• Age 5 or 6: knowledge of gendered activities and occupations is extensive
• Middle childhood: more awareness of stereotypes
• By age 10: recognize that female roles are devalued (may be why females show more
susceptibility to depression
Marcia
Gender Identity - Answer-• The Story of Augustina (1913)
• Gender Category
• Late Year 1: perceptual distinctions between sexes
• 2.5 to 3: can label self
• Early 3: Some skill at labeling boy/girl
• Gender Stability: one's category stays the same 3-4 years old (still fragile)
• Gender Constancy: membership is permanent
• Even if clothes, hair, etc. change: sex would not change
• Growth in Self-awareness
o Social comparisons
o Feedback about self from others
Perry studies (3rd to 8th graders): - Answer-o 3 dimensions
o Gender compatibility, contentedness, pressure for sex-typing
o Dissatisfaction dependent upon pressures to conform by others
o Children's optimal adjustment: secure in self; free to explore
Dimensions and Types of Status - Answer-• Popular- high levels of self-regulation and
self-control, prosoiclal, cooperative, intelligent
• Rejected-high levels of instrumental aggression, verbal negativity, disruptiveness, low
levels of positive social interaction, self-control, perspective taking
• Neglected- lowers levels of peer interaction, less aggressive, less sociability,
perceived by peers as likeable
• Average- lower levels of social competence as compared to popular children, less
aggression than rejected children
Methods of Control - Answer-• Power Assertion
• Love Withdrawal
• Induction
• Time of Day; Forewarned is Forearmed
4 Parenting practices/methods of control - Answer-• Authoritative- Demandingness-
Controlling but accepting, child-centered, responsive
• Authoritarian- demanding and controlling while rejecting, parent-centered,
unresponsive
• Permissive- no control, but accepting, child-centered, responsive
• Neglecting-univolved-no control while rejecting, parent-centered, unresponsive
