Portage Microbiology Module 1 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Already Passed

Portage Microbiology Module 1 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Already Passed What is microbiology? - Answers The study of biological processes at the micro level. What are viruses classified as? - Answers Microbes How are microbes helpful? - Answers They aid in food digestion and protect us from foreign invaders. What is a pathogen? - Answers A microbe that can cause disease. What is a microbe? - Answers an organism or virus too small to be seen without a microscope What is a prokaryote? - Answers A cell without a nucleus What are the three classifications of life? - Answers Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Which classifications of life are prokaryotes? - Answers Bacteria and archaea What are the most common morphologies of bacteria? - Answers Coccus, bacillus, vibrio, spirillum Coccus - Answers round, spherical Bacillus - Answers Rod shaped bacteria Vibrio - Answers curved rod Spirillum - Answers spiral shaped bacteria Three examples of Eubacteria - Answers Streptococcus, E. coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis What is unique about archaea? - Answers They can survive in extreme environmental conditions (extremophiles) What are the four classifications of eukaryotic microorganisms? - Answers Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista Animalia - Answers heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotic organisms Animalia are ________ and have the general characteristic of _______________. - Answers heterotrophic, motility Fungi can be both _____________ or ____________ organisms. - Answers multicellular, unicellular What is the defining characteristic of fungi? - Answers Presence of chitin in cell walls What are protista? - Answers (1) Unicellular microorganisms that form as colonies, but not tissue layers. (2) They do not fit criteria for plants, animals, or fungi. An amoeba is classified as - Answers protista Why are viruses not considered living? - Answers (1) They cannot replicate on their own (2) No metabolism outside of host cell What is a capsid? - Answers Membrane-like structure that contains genetic material. What is a cell? - Answers Small, membrane-enclosed unit of life What are the 5 characteristics of life? - Answers Responsiveness, growth and reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, and organization What is organization? - Answers Building of molecular structures from atoms What do all cells have in common? - Answers (1) exhibit different structures and functions (2) share a basic chemistry (3) all descend from a previous cell (4) genome dictates cell structure, function and behavior What are the four macromolecules? - Answers carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids What are the characteristics of prokaryotes? - Answers (1) Size: 2-10 um in length (2) Outer layers: cell wall (semi-rigid peptidoglycan layer) and glycocalyx (gel-like sugar-protein coating that can protect against immune attack) (3) Plasmids: circular DNA molecules What is the function of a cell wall? - Answers It keeps the cell from rupturing and provides an attachment for flagella. What are plant cell walls made of and why? - Answers cellulose; maintains cell shape and prevents water loss What are the specialized organelles of plant cells? - Answers Plastids, central vacuole, choloroplasts What are the cell walls of fungi made of? - Answers Chitin What sort of -troph are fungi? - Answers Saprotrophs What are saprotrophs? - Answers They externally digest and then absorb nutrients from decaying matter What is the basic structure of a virus? - Answers (1) Genetic material (2) Capsid (3) Viral envelope? What is a viral envelope? - Answers Membrane that surrounds capsid and helps to infect host cell. What is the function of the cell membrane? - Answers It surrounds the plasma/cytoplasm of the cell. What are the structural properties of the cell membrane? - Answers Semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that allows for a high degree of fluidity. What are the properties of the amphipathic phospholipid layer? - Answers Polar hydrophilic head and non-polar hydrophobic tail What determines the freedom of movement of lipids across a membrane? - Answers Type of lipids, temperature of environment, and the presence of proteins. What key distinction can be made between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes? - Answers Prokaryotic membranes do not contain sterol lipids such as cholesterol. What is the function of the cell wall? - Answers Provides support, structure, and protection. What is the combination of the cell membrane and outer membrane called? - Answers Cell envelope What chemical is found in bacterial cell walls? What does it do? - Answers Peptidoglycan: it protects the cell from harmful environmental conditions. What do Archaea have in their cell walls? What does it do? - Answers S-Layer: provides a physical and chemical protective barrier What is the cytoplasm? - Answers The open volume within the cell which contains the organelles and important dissolved substances. What is the nucleus? - Answers Control center of the cell What is the nucleolus? - Answers Small spherical structure in the center of the nucleus; site of ribosome synthesis What are ribosomes? Where are they attached? - Answers site of protein synthesis; attached to the endoplasmic reticulum What is the endoplasmic reticulum? - Answers Series of membrane-enclosed sacs and interconnected tubes