COMPLETE TEST BANK: NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY CARE 5TH EDITION BY BRIAN K. WALSH PHD LATEST UPDATE.

NeonatalandPediatric b




bb RespiratoryCare5thEdition
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Walsh Test Bank A+
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, Chapter 1: Fetal Lung Development Test Bank bb bb bb bb bb bb




MULTIPLE CHOICE bb




1. Which of the following phases of human lung development is characterized by
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the formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
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a. Pseudoglandular

b. Saccular

c. Alveolar

d. Canalicular



ANS: D bb




The canalicular phase follows the pseudoglandular phase, lasting from approximately 17
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weeks to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance of
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vascular channels,or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary network
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around the air passages.
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During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of
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gestation, the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system
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develops, ending with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which
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takes place from weeks29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs
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that later become alveoli.
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During the saccular phase, a tremendous increase in the potential gas- exchanging surface
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area occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage is
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arbitrary. The alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage is
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represented by the establishment of alveoli.
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REF: pp. 3-5bb bb




2. Regarding postnatal lung growth, by approximately what age do most of the alveoli
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that will be present in the lungs for life develop?
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a. 6 months
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,b. 1 yearbb




c. 1.5 years bb




d. 2 years
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ANS: C bb




Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life.
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At 2 years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals. After 2
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years of age, males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolar multiplication ends,
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the alveoli continueto increase in size until thoracic growth is completed.
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REF: p. 6 bb bb




3. The respiratory therapist is evaluating a newborn with mild respiratory distress
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due to tracheal stenosis. During which period of lung development did this problem
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develop?
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a. Embryonal

b. Saccular

c. Canalicular

d. Alveolar



ANS: A bb




The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage. Errors in
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development during this time may result in laryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal atresia or
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stenosis. Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs characterized by
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an abnormally low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments and/or alveoli, can
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develop during the pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born during the canalicular
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phase (i.e., prematurely), severerespiratory distress can be expected because the
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inadequately developed airways, along with insufficient and immature surfactant
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production by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the constellation of problems known as
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infant respiratory distress syndrome.
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, REF: bb bb p. 6 bb




4. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) responsible for the possible
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association between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
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I. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism bb bb




II. Mechanical restriction of the chest wall bb bb bb bb bb




III. Interference with fetal breathing bb bb bb




IV. Failure to produce fetal lung liquid
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a. I and III only
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b. II and III only
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c. I, II, and IV only
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d. II, III, and IV only
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ANS: D bb




Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period of
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time, with or without renal anomalies, is associated with lung hypoplasia. The mechanisms
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by which amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possible
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explanations for reducedquantity of amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of the
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chest wall, interference with fetalbreathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid. These
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clinical and experimental observations possibly point to a common denominator, lung
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stretch, as being a major growth stimulant.
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REF: pp. 6-7bb bb




5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted by the type II pneumocyte?
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