WGU- INTRO TO BIOLOGY C190

A subatomic particle has a negative charge and is found in a shell of the atom. What is the particle? - answer-an electron Male peacocks compete with one another to mate female peacocks. Males with more colorful tail feathers attract female mates at a higher rate than those w/o. Therefore male peacocks have colorful tail feathers, whereas female peacocks do not. What is this an example of? - answer-sexual selection A gardener maintains a species of rose that producd either yello flowers ( the dominant phenotype) or white flowers ( the recessive phenotype). One day, the gardener observes that a cross between two yellow rose bushes has led to a single rose bush with orange flowers. What evolutionary mechanism is involved in the change in the gene pool of this species? - answer-mutation Some cells need to maintain a set of cencentrations of na+ and k+ ions. These cells are able to do this with the help of the na/k pump, which transports these ions from areas of low concentration to areas of high concetration ( against their concentration gradient). Na+ is pumped out and k+ is pumped in. Which type of membrane transport is involved in this action? - answer-active transport Chromosomes are structures that contain hereditary mateiral that will be passed from one generation to the next. According to this information, which organic molecule must be present in chromosomes? - answer-dna A cell has divided its chromosomes into wo new nuclei. The cytoskeleton of the cell is currently pinching the cell in the middel to from two new cells. In which stage of the cell cycle is this cell? - answer-cytokenesis There are four species of woodpeckers that inhabit the pine forests in the southeastern area of the u.s. individuals of this species utilize many of the same resources for food and nesting. Which level of ecological organization describes the relationship among these four species of woodepecker? - answer-community Two species of woodpecker inhabit the same loblolly pine woodland throughout the southeastern u.s. each species requires recently deceased (but still standing) pine trees for reproduction . The woodpeckers excavate their nest cavities in the dead pine trees. In most healthy forests there are generally not enough dead pine tress to provide nests for all the woodpeckers that want to build them. What is the relationship between these two species of woodpecker an example of? - answer-competition While abroad, a traveler drinks unclean water containing tapeworm cysts. The tapeworm attaches to the intestical walls of the traveler, absorbing nutrients from the partially digested food. Over the next few months, the traveler experiences ongoing nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss due to the presence of the tapeworm in his intestines. What is the interaction between the tapeworm and the traveler and exmple of? - answer-parasitism What is the charge of a proton? - answer-+1 A molecular bondd results from an electron being transferred from one atom to another. Which type of bond holds these atoms together? - answer-ionic Which situation describes covalent bonding? - answer-an atom shares an electron with another atom. Which item would be classified as biotic? - answer-fungus Which item is an atom? - answer-nitrogen Largemouth bass have introduced into ponda that previoulsy did not contain any large, predatory fish. Which adaptation would help the existing population of small, prey species of fish avoid predation from the large mouth bass? - answer-faster than average swim speed Which two activities assist in the movement of water through its cycle and take place in living things? - answer-photosynthesis and aerobic respiration Prarie ecosystems are common within continental interiors in the northern hemisphere. These ecosystems have a thich nutrient rich top soil and are dominated by grasslands and shrubs. Which activity would have a negative impact on biodiversity in a prarie ecosystem? - answer-collecting the rich topsoil to sell in surrounding cities In the harsh artic tundra, the survivial of one species is often dependent on the actions of another. For example, the artic bumblebee pollinates the artic poppy and receives energy nectar in return. Which interaction is occuring between these species? - answer-mutualism A remora ( suckerfish) eating food elft over by a shark is an example of which interaction between species? - answer-commensalism Which type of cell division results in sex cells? - answer-meiosis Which characteristic describes both meiosis and mitotis? - answer-sister chromatids separate What is a characteristic of dna, but not rna? - answer-it's directly copied to form proteins Which pattern of inheritance is described when a phenotype results from the interaction of many genes? - answer-polygenic inheritance A dog breeder mates two black labrador retreivers dogs. The breeder is surprised by the offspring produced by this crossing. In addition to offspring with beautiful black coats, there are dogs with brown, gray and tan coats. Which form of inheritance is this an example of? - answer-polygenic What is the function of hystones during the s phase? - answer-organizing and helping to unwind dna so the replication enzymes can access it How is dna structured during the metaphase stage of mitosis? - answer-the centromere at the center keeps dna lined up at the cell's equator What is true regarding transistion from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis? - answer-sister chromatids are aligned along the center of the cell and then pull apart into separate chromatids. Sister chromatids are being separated and moving towards opposite poles of the cell. What stage of mitosis is this? - answer-anaphase A cell undergoing meiosis is currently dividing. The two new daughter cells will be haploid, but the dna they contain is still replicated. The homologous chromosomes have separated and are ready to start the second division, but they have not yet begun the second round of division. Which stage of the cell cycle is this cell in? - answer-telophase i Homologous pairs of chromosomes have separated into two cells. Sister chromatids in each cell have not yet lined up in the middle of the cell. Which stage of the cell cycle is this? - answer-prophase ii What is true of a eukaryotic cell? - answer-it contains mitochondrion Choose the two substances that are the main components in the most eukaryotic cell membranes. - answer-lipids and proteins. Fermentation uses sugar in the absence of which molecule? - answer-o2 What is the function of flagellum? - answer-locomotion and sensing In the human body, muscle fibers metabolize sugars to produce energy. Fast twitch muscle fibers, like those used during short term, vigorous excercise, carry out an anaerobic process that produces less energy per sugar molecule processed. Which metabolic process do fast twitch muscle fibers carry out? - answer-fermamentation Which stage of cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide as a product? - answer-krebs cycle Which stage of cellular respiration releases the most energy and, therefore, produces the most atp molecules? - answer-electron transport chain Which of these is an output of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis? - answer-atp Which molecule is an input to the calvin-benson cycle? - answer-carbon dioxide The initial biochemical transformation of glucose during cellular respiration occurs within the cytoplasm of the cell. Glucose is transformed into glucose-6-phosphate as atp is converted into adp and a free phosphate group. What is happening to energy in this initial step of glycolosis? - answer-energy is being released from atp to power the conversion of glucose. A biological polymer cosists of 358 amino acids linked together covalently. What is this polymer? - answer-a protein A molecule consists of a chain of glucose monomers linked together. What is the function of this molecule within the cell? - answer-to store energy Which substance is found in atp? - answer-nitrogenous base After a rainy day, a leaf has small droplets of water on its surface. Which property of water is this an example of? - answer-cohesion A plastic water bottle is filled with water and placed in the freezer. The next day the frozen water has expanded, causing the plastic bottle to rupture. Which characteristic of water is this an example of? - answer-density A gen contains the sequence cgcatacggtac that results in the amino acid sequence arg-ile-arg-tyr. A mutated version of thes gene has an a in place of the second c and produces the amnio acid sequence arg-lie-arg-tyr. What is true regarding this mutation? - answer-the mutated gene results in the same amino acid sequence and will result in teh same pehnotype. Biologists estimate that there are 1000 species of bacteria living in the average human stomach. Biologists are studying how these species interact with each other. Which level of ecological organization is being studied? - answer-community A recessive mutation in the dfn3 gene causes deafness. A mother with dfn3 deafness will have sons who all have deafness. How did the sons inherit the gene for deafness? - answer-on the x chromosome from the mother. A cutting is taken from a mature hydrangea plant with blue flowers. The cutting is planted in acidic soil and produces red flowers. What casued teh flower color in this hydrangea cutting to change? - answer-an interaction between the genes and the soil Place the steps of dna replication in the order of occurence. - answer-1. Dna molecule unwinds 2. Dna molecule separates into two template strands. 3. Compementary nucleotides are added to each template strand. 4. Two dna molecules, each with a template starnd and a new strand are formed. Which of the following carries the information that determines which amino acids are used to make a protein? - answer-messenger dna In which eukaryotic organelle does protein synthesis occur? - answer-endoplasmic reticulum Which action would have a direct negative effect on the enviroment? - answer-removing native species Aquatic habitats throughout the northeastern u.s. have been damaged by acidic rainfall. Airborne pollutants released by coal fired power plants acidify the rain that falls in these regions, which has led to wide scale disruptions to ecosystems and a decrease in the diveristy in these habitats. Which activity would continue to increase the acidity of the rain and negatively impact biodiversity in these aquatic habitats? - answer-increasing the use of fossil fuel dependent electrical power. A fly is heterozygous for wing length, carrying one allele for the dominant long winged appearance and one allele for the recessive short winged appearance. Which percentage of the fly's gametes will carry the short winged allele? - answer-50% Black (b) is the dominant color, and red (b) is the recessive color in a species of beetle. Two beetles that are both bb are crossed. What percentage of the offspring will be red? - answer-25% A species of fish can either have dominant red fins (r) or recessive white fins (r). Fin lengths can either be dominant long (l) or recessive short (l). A dihybrid cross is perfomred on two of these fish. Each fish is heterozygous for the traits of fin color and fin length. Which four gamete genotypes can be produced by a parent fish? - answer-ri, ri, rl, rl Eukaryote cell - answer-has nucleus, many organelles. Examples are: animals and plants; larger than prokaryote cells Characteristics: double linear helix dna, ribosomes (assemble proteins), cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, membrane bound organelles Prokaryote cell - answer-has no nucleus Ex: bacteria & archaens Characteristics: round dna, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes (assemble proteins) Cell membrane - answer-allows things in or out, cell boundary Main component of cell membrane is: - answer-phospholipids A cell is: - answer-the basic building block of life Eukaryotic animal cell includes: - answer-1.) Mitochondrian, golgi apparatus, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, rouch and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Does not have: cell wall, small or no vacuoles, no chloroplast, lysosomes ( which clean up the cell)t Eukaryotic plant cell includes: - answer-1.) Cell wall, large vaculole, chloroplasts, mitochondrian, golgi apparatus, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria - answer-powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of atp (energy) production Ribosomes - answer-protein factories of the cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum - answer-transports proteins that are made Golgi apparatus - answer-modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell Cytoplasm - answer-a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended Membrane - answer-protective barrier of the cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - answer-transport lipids and hormones Photosynthesis - answer-the process of making food or energy sources. Glucose & oxygen Cell mebranes are made up of what materials? And have what characteristics? - answer-bilayers of phospholipids. Heads point outward- hydorphillic Tails point inward b/c they are hydrophobic Transport across the membrane Selectively permeable Moves particles in (endocytosis) and out (exocytosis) Use atp Cell respiration - answer-takes in oxygen (o2) and releases carbon dioxide (co2) The process of extracting energy from food to convert to atp by giving energy away to adp Adenosin tri phosphates - answer-hi-energy molecule only energy that most living organisms can use Cell cycle - answer-1. Cytokinesis- cell division 2. M phase- meiosis-mitosis 3. G1- growth stage- doing the most work preparing for s stage 4. Sythesis- replicating and copying dna 5. G2- checking dna for errors, sometimes fails which leads to genetic errors