©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
CDIS 421 Neuroanatomy Study Guide
Exam Q&A 100% Solved | Rated A+
Chromatolysis - ✔✔Occurs when a cell is injured and the cell body swells
and shifts its nucleus to the periphery.
Commissural fibers - ✔✔Fibers that connect one hemisphere to another.
Saltatory conduction - ✔✔Occurs when an impulse jumps from node to
node on an axon.
Horizontal slice - ✔✔(or slice) of the brain separates the top from the
bottom.
2 neuron reflex arc (monosynaptic) - ✔✔Simplest type of nerve pathway,
involves sensory and motor neuron; sensory input goes directly to the
motor neuron with no interneuron; ex: knee jerk.
2 types of visual receptors (photoreceptors) - ✔✔Rods and cones.
3 neuron reflex arc (polysynaptic) - ✔✔Involves sensory, motor and
interneuron; sensory information comes in through the dorsal root; in
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
addition to being sent to brain, stimulus is sent to an interneuron in gray
matter of spinal cord; ex: withdrawal reflex.
Transient ischemic attack - ✔✔A temporary interruption in blood flow to the
brain.
Embolism - ✔✔A clot that moves through the arterial system until it gets to
an artery too small for it to get through and gets stuck.
Posterior lobe lesion - ✔✔A disruption of planning and coordination of
motor movements is most likely due to a lesion of the posterior lobe.
Contralateral visual field lesion - ✔✔A lesion after the optic chiasm affects
the contralateral visual field.
Basal ganglia lesion - ✔✔A lesion in the right basal ganglia would affect
movement in the left side of the body.
Cerebellum lesion - ✔✔A lesion in the right portion of the cerebellum would
affect movement in the right side of the body.
Left optic nerve lesion - ✔✔A lesion on the left optic nerve takes out the left
visual field (blind in left eye).
Bipolar neuron - ✔✔A neuron that has one dendrite and one axon.
Multipolar neuron - ✔✔A neuron that has two dendrites and one axon.
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Unilateral and ipsilateral symptoms - ✔✔A patient has a lesion in the right
hemisphere with signs and symptoms observed on the right half of the
body.
Neuroplasticity - ✔✔The brain's ability to reorganize function, as seen in a
patient with a lesion to the left inferior parietal lobule who improves written
language abilities.
Right oculomotor nerve lesion - ✔✔The most likely location of the lesion
when the right pupil does not react to light but the left pupil does.
Gag reflex - ✔✔A reflex that requires sensory input transmitted by the
glossopharyngeal IX nerve and motor response transmitted by the vagus X
nerve.
Spastic hemiplegia - ✔✔A state of paralysis with hypertonia, exaggerated
reflexes, and clasp-knife rigidity on one side of the body.
Stretch reflex - ✔✔A stimulus causes a muscle spindle to be activated,
sending information to motor neurons without an intervening interneuron,
which causes a quick muscle contraction.
Nucleus and ganglion - ✔✔A well-defined collection of nerve cells in the
CNS is called a nucleus; a similar collection of cells in the PNS is called a
ganglion.
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Abducen VI - ✔✔Moves eyeball.
Accessory XI - ✔✔Head turning and shrugging shoulders (motor).
Acetylcholine - ✔✔A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory
and also triggers muscle contraction.
Action potential - ✔✔A nerve impulse; a stimulus causes sodium gates to
open; +30/40mV.
Afferent - ✔✔Conduction of nerve impulses toward the CNS (sensory).
Agnosia - ✔✔The inability to recognize what you are touching even though
you can feel it.
Hypoglossal XII - ✔✔All of the tongue muscles, intrinsic and extrinsic, are
innervated by the hypoglossal XII.
Anterolateral system (ALS) - ✔✔These fibers ascend in the anterior and
lateral aspects of the spinal cord.
Dorsal and ventral roots - ✔✔Dorsal roots contain only sensory fibers and
the ventral roots contain only motor fibers.
Alveus of hippocampus - ✔✔A thin layer of white matter covering the
ventricular surface of the hippocampus.
CDIS 421 Neuroanatomy Study Guide
Exam Q&A 100% Solved | Rated A+
Chromatolysis - ✔✔Occurs when a cell is injured and the cell body swells
and shifts its nucleus to the periphery.
Commissural fibers - ✔✔Fibers that connect one hemisphere to another.
Saltatory conduction - ✔✔Occurs when an impulse jumps from node to
node on an axon.
Horizontal slice - ✔✔(or slice) of the brain separates the top from the
bottom.
2 neuron reflex arc (monosynaptic) - ✔✔Simplest type of nerve pathway,
involves sensory and motor neuron; sensory input goes directly to the
motor neuron with no interneuron; ex: knee jerk.
2 types of visual receptors (photoreceptors) - ✔✔Rods and cones.
3 neuron reflex arc (polysynaptic) - ✔✔Involves sensory, motor and
interneuron; sensory information comes in through the dorsal root; in
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
addition to being sent to brain, stimulus is sent to an interneuron in gray
matter of spinal cord; ex: withdrawal reflex.
Transient ischemic attack - ✔✔A temporary interruption in blood flow to the
brain.
Embolism - ✔✔A clot that moves through the arterial system until it gets to
an artery too small for it to get through and gets stuck.
Posterior lobe lesion - ✔✔A disruption of planning and coordination of
motor movements is most likely due to a lesion of the posterior lobe.
Contralateral visual field lesion - ✔✔A lesion after the optic chiasm affects
the contralateral visual field.
Basal ganglia lesion - ✔✔A lesion in the right basal ganglia would affect
movement in the left side of the body.
Cerebellum lesion - ✔✔A lesion in the right portion of the cerebellum would
affect movement in the right side of the body.
Left optic nerve lesion - ✔✔A lesion on the left optic nerve takes out the left
visual field (blind in left eye).
Bipolar neuron - ✔✔A neuron that has one dendrite and one axon.
Multipolar neuron - ✔✔A neuron that has two dendrites and one axon.
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Unilateral and ipsilateral symptoms - ✔✔A patient has a lesion in the right
hemisphere with signs and symptoms observed on the right half of the
body.
Neuroplasticity - ✔✔The brain's ability to reorganize function, as seen in a
patient with a lesion to the left inferior parietal lobule who improves written
language abilities.
Right oculomotor nerve lesion - ✔✔The most likely location of the lesion
when the right pupil does not react to light but the left pupil does.
Gag reflex - ✔✔A reflex that requires sensory input transmitted by the
glossopharyngeal IX nerve and motor response transmitted by the vagus X
nerve.
Spastic hemiplegia - ✔✔A state of paralysis with hypertonia, exaggerated
reflexes, and clasp-knife rigidity on one side of the body.
Stretch reflex - ✔✔A stimulus causes a muscle spindle to be activated,
sending information to motor neurons without an intervening interneuron,
which causes a quick muscle contraction.
Nucleus and ganglion - ✔✔A well-defined collection of nerve cells in the
CNS is called a nucleus; a similar collection of cells in the PNS is called a
ganglion.
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Abducen VI - ✔✔Moves eyeball.
Accessory XI - ✔✔Head turning and shrugging shoulders (motor).
Acetylcholine - ✔✔A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory
and also triggers muscle contraction.
Action potential - ✔✔A nerve impulse; a stimulus causes sodium gates to
open; +30/40mV.
Afferent - ✔✔Conduction of nerve impulses toward the CNS (sensory).
Agnosia - ✔✔The inability to recognize what you are touching even though
you can feel it.
Hypoglossal XII - ✔✔All of the tongue muscles, intrinsic and extrinsic, are
innervated by the hypoglossal XII.
Anterolateral system (ALS) - ✔✔These fibers ascend in the anterior and
lateral aspects of the spinal cord.
Dorsal and ventral roots - ✔✔Dorsal roots contain only sensory fibers and
the ventral roots contain only motor fibers.
Alveus of hippocampus - ✔✔A thin layer of white matter covering the
ventricular surface of the hippocampus.
