Psychology (Lifespan Development) -
Final Exam Study Guide 100% Accurate!!
NATURE/NURTURE - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSNature/Nurture:
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the
development of psychological traits and behaviors.
ACTIVITY/PASSIVITY - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSActivity/Passivity:
Focuses on the extent to which human beings are active in creating and influencing their own
environment and in producing their own development, or are passively shaped by forces beyond their
control.
CONTINUITY/DISCONTINUITY - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSContinuity/discontinuity:
Focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct
stages (discontinuity).
UNIVERSALITY/CONTEXT-SPECIFIC - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSUniversality/Context-specific:
The extent to which developmental changes are common to all humans (universality) or are different
across cultures, subcultures, task contexts, and individuals (context-specific)
,Explain the influence of SES on development. - ANSWERSSES (socioeconomic status):
Some research suggests that individuals from lower income families tend to reach milestones of
adulthood earlier
Explain the cohort effect. - ANSWERSA cohort effect occur when a commonly aged group of people in
research indirectly affect results due to their common age-related influences.
*A cohort is a group of people who share a common identity in some way.
Explain cross-sectional research design. - ANSWERSPeople of different ages are tested at the same time
and compared.
*Different age groups are cohorts
Explain longitudinal research design. - ANSWERSFollows the development of the same group of people
over time.
*2 days, 2 weeks or 2 years
Explain sequential research design. - ANSWERS-Combined groups from at least two cohorts followed in a
longitudinal study
-Comparison of cohorts while incorporating some degree of individual differences
*has both longitudinal and cross-section aspects
SUGGEST RESOURCES - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Suggest Resources
~Provide information relevant to participant's
experiences
, *Must comply with APA ethics code
RIGHT TO WITHDRAW - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Right to withdraw
~Participants can withdraw without penalty
*Must comply with APA ethics code
CONFIDENTIALITY OF DATA - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Confidentiality of data
~Participant will not be identifiable in published
reports and data will be securely stored
*Must comply with APA ethics code
What is Freud's Psychosexual Theory? - ANSWERSFocused on the development and dynamics of the
personality
People are driven by motives and emotional
conflicts
-Unaware of these motives and conflicts
-Shaped by their earliest experiences in the
Family
What are some challenges for conducting cross-cultural research? - ANSWERS-Possibly being biased
(ethnocentrism)
-language barrier
-Validity (testing what you think your tasting), reliability (consistency)
-Cultural applicability/interpretation
INFORMED CONSENT - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Informed Consent
Final Exam Study Guide 100% Accurate!!
NATURE/NURTURE - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSNature/Nurture:
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the
development of psychological traits and behaviors.
ACTIVITY/PASSIVITY - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSActivity/Passivity:
Focuses on the extent to which human beings are active in creating and influencing their own
environment and in producing their own development, or are passively shaped by forces beyond their
control.
CONTINUITY/DISCONTINUITY - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSContinuity/discontinuity:
Focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct
stages (discontinuity).
UNIVERSALITY/CONTEXT-SPECIFIC - Explain the major issue addressed in the model of development. -
ANSWERSUniversality/Context-specific:
The extent to which developmental changes are common to all humans (universality) or are different
across cultures, subcultures, task contexts, and individuals (context-specific)
,Explain the influence of SES on development. - ANSWERSSES (socioeconomic status):
Some research suggests that individuals from lower income families tend to reach milestones of
adulthood earlier
Explain the cohort effect. - ANSWERSA cohort effect occur when a commonly aged group of people in
research indirectly affect results due to their common age-related influences.
*A cohort is a group of people who share a common identity in some way.
Explain cross-sectional research design. - ANSWERSPeople of different ages are tested at the same time
and compared.
*Different age groups are cohorts
Explain longitudinal research design. - ANSWERSFollows the development of the same group of people
over time.
*2 days, 2 weeks or 2 years
Explain sequential research design. - ANSWERS-Combined groups from at least two cohorts followed in a
longitudinal study
-Comparison of cohorts while incorporating some degree of individual differences
*has both longitudinal and cross-section aspects
SUGGEST RESOURCES - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Suggest Resources
~Provide information relevant to participant's
experiences
, *Must comply with APA ethics code
RIGHT TO WITHDRAW - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Right to withdraw
~Participants can withdraw without penalty
*Must comply with APA ethics code
CONFIDENTIALITY OF DATA - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Confidentiality of data
~Participant will not be identifiable in published
reports and data will be securely stored
*Must comply with APA ethics code
What is Freud's Psychosexual Theory? - ANSWERSFocused on the development and dynamics of the
personality
People are driven by motives and emotional
conflicts
-Unaware of these motives and conflicts
-Shaped by their earliest experiences in the
Family
What are some challenges for conducting cross-cultural research? - ANSWERS-Possibly being biased
(ethnocentrism)
-language barrier
-Validity (testing what you think your tasting), reliability (consistency)
-Cultural applicability/interpretation
INFORMED CONSENT - Explain ethical guidelines for research. - ANSWERS-Informed Consent
