NURS 1290 Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions

Nursing attributes – 1. Caring 2. Communication skills 3. Emotional stability 4. Empathy 5. Critical thinking 6. Attention to detail Humanistic framework - valuing the individual in the context of humanity, environment, and health gives meaning to humanistic nursing practice. 4 aspects of nursing – Humanity Environment Health Valuing Humanity - a unique human being, functioning as an integrated whole, reflecting bio-psycho-socio-cultural dimensions Environment - sum total of all internal and external dimensions that influence human beings Health - dynamic state of bio-psycho-socio-cultural well being Valuing - holding in high esteem the inherent worth and dignity of all individuals Nursing knowledge - based on liberal arts & sciences, incorporate humanity/environment/health/valuing Responsibility/ accountability - accept responsibility and therefore are held accountable to maintain standards of practice and adhere to code of ethics Leadership/ management - working collaboratively with individuals and groups to accomplish professional goals Research - process of inquiry that provides evidence contributing to nursing's expanding body of knowledge Professional role - provides humanistic health care to promote health & manage illness for individuals, families, and communities in accordance with standards of nursing practice Pillars of molloy college - 1. Community 2. Service/mission/prayer 3. Spirituality 4. Study/ searching for truth Nursing is a ___ and a ____ - art and science Regulation is managed by - the government in each state The us is projected to experience a shortage of rns because - -- baby boomers are aging & retiring -- 76 million baby boomers in the us -- need for healthcare grows In 2010 the iom (institute of medicine) released its landmark report - -- the future of nursing -- increase bachelors nurses to 80% -- double pop of nurses with doctoral degrees Current workforce- 55% of rns are prepared at bachelors or graduate degree levels The bureau of labor statistics states that - the current number of rns will not meet the demand for the workforce Rn workforce is expected to grow from ____ in 2014 to ____ in 2024 - 2.7 million to 3.2 million In the us, ____ of nurses are over the age of ____ - 1/3, 50 How do nurses know what they know? - 1 •tradition: no formal rules, observations from one generation to another 2 •authority: nursing organizations/hospitals 3 •clinical experience and intuition 4 •logical reasoning 5 •disciplined research How did nursing start? - -desire to keep people healthy and to provide comfort and assurance to the sick -advancing science and changing society's needs have deeply influenced the practice of nursing What was absent from early cultures - sound theory of disease In ancient times who provided care - -- wife and mothers -- exceptions were male attendants in early buddhist hospitals in india Suffering & sickness in ancient times - -- caused by evil spirits -- incantations, dances, offerings, sacrifices -- medicine men - drove away demons The ancient greeks believed in - apollo - greek god of healing, prayed to him for magic cures for illness Hippocrates - -- greek physician who believes that disease had natural, not magical, causes -- concepts of homeostasis, prognosis -- emphasized importance of obtaining history before treatment Diagnosis - identifying disease scientifically Prognosis - predicating possible outcome Cure - restoration of health Folk image from primitive times - -- nurse seen as caring person -- primary responsibilities- focused on nourishing and nurturing children, caring for older/aging adults -- skills learned through trial and error, passed from generation to the next Religious image from medieval period - -- establishment of churches in christian era -- primary concern- care for the sick, poor, orphans. Widows, elderly, slaves/prisoners -- first hospitals developed... Close to monasteries Founding of military nursing order - -- the crusades -- cared for injured soldiers on the battlefields -- based on religious faith -- nurses expected to devote their lives to caring/exhibiting selfless commitment -- knights hospitallers of st. John: first organized nursing care -- knight templars -- knights of the teutonic order The dark ages - -- servant image of the nurse -- germany -- catholic monasteries offering nursing care/medicine closed -- change in role of women- no freedom, bear children/care for the home -- hospitals = source of infection -- nursing lost its value/economic support/social status -- hospital care left to uncommon women... Prisoners, prostitutes, drunks Nursing in early modern europe - -- women who had committed crimes were recruited into nursing in lieu of serving sentences -- lacked knowledge of nursing care -- hospital records show women were sanctioned for fighting, foul language, petty theft, extortion of money from patients Prior to the modern era, the safest nursing care was provided where? - one's home // family members, clansmen, friends Early hospitals were started by & for who were they started for? - religious communities, for people who were ostracized/ lack of family support Early providers of nursing care - 17th century - -- sisters of charity: france, us --sisters of the holy cross: france, us --catholic religious orders in mexico/ s. America --ursuline sisters: canada --nursing sisters: england, ireland Theodur fliedner - led the deaconesses at kaiserworth, germany & pittsburgh, pa The role of deaconesses - first visiting nurses -- roman matrons/widows with some educational background 19th century - -- social reform for prisons, public health, care of the poor -- factories & schools -- travel / communication took giant leaps -- happenings in battle immediately available in newspapers -- women's rights to vote Who opened the kaiserworth deaconess institute? - pastor theodur fliedner First real school of nursing - kaiserwerth deaconess institute Most famous student of the kaiserwerth deaconess institute - florence nightingale ***florence nightingale - -- appointed superintendent of establishment for gentlewoman during illness committee -- knowledge of nursing/ hospital reform, recognized as authority Florence nightingale is known for her work in the - crimean war -- took 38 nurses to crimea -- british soldiers dying from diseases not injuries -- florence assumed direction of all nursing operations Nightingale's accomplishments in crimea - -- reduced mortality rates among sick/wounded -- improved basic hygiene/ public health measures of the army -- cleaning, fresh food, **fresh air, **hand washing, separation of people from garbage/ sewage for living environments and hospital construction "lady with the lamp" Florence nightingale performed what kind of practice? - -- evidenced-based practice -- recorded & kept data, then tested Who is the founder of modern nursing - -- florence nightingale -- established first nursing philosophy -- first practicing nurse epidemiologist -- first nurse researcher -- changed society's view of nurse Florence nightingale published - notes on nursing -- four books: wrote about hospitals, sanitation, health statistics (data & outcomes), nursing education -- body & mind as separate entities and basis of holistic view of health Who created the first pie chart - florence nightingale (evidence-based practice) 5 essential points of florence nightingale's reform - 1. Pure air 2. Pure water 3. Efficient drainage 4. Cleanliness 5. Light First organized school of nursing - st. Thomas hospital in london (1860) --> established by florence nightingale Florence nightingale was the first female to be - -- recognized by the queen of england -- awarded the british order of merit What shaped nursing in the us in the late 19th/ 20th century? - the civil war... Need for trained nurses The first permanent school of nursing - women's hospital of philadelphia (1872) -- set curriculum, paid instructors, equipment, sim labs, clinicals, nurse library Downfall of early nursing programs - needs of the hospital took precedence over students' educational needs, hospitals realized advantages of nursing student labor In 1900, the number of nursing schools increased to - 432 Dorthea dix - -- fought for the rights of the mentally ill -- appointed as a nurse recruiter (organize military hospitals)... Supervised, not a nurse -- build/ renovate hospitals -- improve conditions in jails/ asylums -- most effective advocate of the 19th century *** clara barton - -- founded the american red cross -- focused on conditions of soldiers/ brought supplies and nurses to the front Margaret sanger - -- dedicated to provide legal birth control -- founded planned parenthood -- visiting maternity nurse lower east side -- opened first birth control clinic, shut down in 9 days -- one of the most controversial nurses Mary breckenridge - -- established the frontier nursing service (fns) first organized midwifery service -- women in rural areas -- educated as nurse midwife in england -- beginning of prenatal care -- inducted into the ana's hall of fame *** lillian wald - -- founder of henry street settlement house in ny, became new york visiting nurses services -- founder of public health nursing -- champion of the urban poor -- health of the community affects health of the individual -- improve lives of women, children, immigrant families -- improve women's working conditions -- abolish child labor & helped to found the federal children's bureau (school lunch programs/ opportunities for disabled kids) *** lina rogers - -- first school nurse -- worked with lillian wald -- formal protocols for individual diseases -- tended to sick children/ identified disabilities -- rigorous documentation... First textbook for school nurses Isabel adams hampton robb - -- created grading policy for nursing education -- standardization of curriculum -- first president of the ana -- created national league of nurses -- member of committee to form the ajn (american journal of nursing) Susie walking bear yellowtail - -- helped to end abuses in indian health care system ... Community health representatives on reservation -- decreased death rate of native american children -- established funding mechanism for education of native american nurses --presidents award in 1992 for outstanding nursing health care. Virginia a henderson - -- wrote the textbook on nursing practice: textbook of the principles and practice of nursing -- established tools that promoted nursing research: nursing studies index -- considered the florence nightingale of her time because of her work as a teacher and researcher *** florence s. Wald - -- mother of the american hospice movement -- maximized quality of life for terminally ill & their families -- first program in ct based off of successful program in england *** mary elizabeth "eliza" mahoney - -- first african american woman to work as a professionally trained nurse in the us -- establishment of mary mahoney award Mary seacole - -- nurse who cared for british soldiers in crimea -- established hotel for sick & injured -- used traditional jamaican remedies from mother Caps - -- first used to keep hair neat, respectability, cleanliness, servitude -- later became recognition of achievement -- signifies initiation of sisterhood or brotherhood... Not yet formally licensed -- florence nightingale: first to wear Uniforms - -- white -- symbolic of confidence, competence, respect, accountability, professionalism Pinning ceremony - -- worn by those who have graduated from nursing school programs -- haven't taken boards -- identify nurses based on level in school -- came from the crusades Characteristics of an occupation - -- temporary / short-term -- minimal training (usually associate's) -- no codes of conduct or ethics -- responsibility ends with shift, employer is primarily accountable Characteristics of a profession - -- extensive education or specialized training -- self-selected, self-disciplined group of individuals who hold themselves accountable out to the public as possessing a special skill -- life-long / not easily changed -- systematic body of knowledge, provides framework for profession's practice -- standardized / formal higher education, professional organizations -- role that recognizes autonomy, responsibility, accountability -- standards & code of ethics Nursing's characteristics as a profession - -- autonomy, responsibility, accountability -- scope & standards of practice -- code of ethics Functions of nursing associations relate to its _____ - its mission -- payment/ dues -- membership open to specific profession -- some by invitation only