Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2024
Genome - Answers Complete set of DNA in a singe cell of an organism
Genomics - Answers Study of genomes. Allows the sequencing of entire genomes, and encompasses
structural, functional, comparative, and meta-, genomics
Structural genomics - Answers Sequencing genomes and analyzing nucleotide sequences to identify
genes and other important sequences such as gene-regulatory elements
Whole genome shotgun method (shotgun cloning) - Answers Most widely used strategy for sequencing
and assembling entire genomes. Involves genomic DNA cut into multiple overlapping fragments by
restriction enzyme digestion to create a series of contiguous fragments (contigs). The overlapping
sequenced fragments are aligned using computer program to assemble entire chromosome; fragments
aligning based on identical DNA sequences, like putting together a puzzle with nucleotide sequences
Comparative genomics - Answers Compares the genomes of different organisms incorporating the study
of gene and genomic evolution, explores the relationship between organisms and the environment, and
studies differences and similarities between organisms and how differences contribute to phenotype,
life cycles, etc. Complete sequences of various organisms show how they compare to human genes.
Many mutated genes involved in human disease also present in model organisms.
Prokaryotic Genomes - Answers Many already sequenced from organisms causing human diseases. Bac
have a singular, circular chromosome (with much variation in chromosome organization and number
among species), very high gene density and most of it coding (functional) DNA, bac DNA contains
operons
Eukaryotic genomes - Answers Much diversity and complexity. Basic features similar in different species
though size is variable. Gene density varies chromosome to chromosome, introns also vary in genomes
and genes, and about half the human genome is repetitive DNA
Genome similarity percentage as compared to human DNA - Answers 30% yeast, 80% mice, 98%
chimpanzees, 75% dog, 99% Neanderthal
Dog Genome - Answers Completed 2005. 75% similar genome to humans. Dogs share many of our
genetic disorders (>400 single gene disorders, sex-chomrosome aneuploidies, multifactorial diseases
(e.g., epilepsy) and behavioral conditions (e.g., OCD)
Chimpanzee genome - Answers Differing from human genome by less than 2%, speciation event
separated us about 6.3 mya. Interconnected elements include speciation, gene expression, genome
evolution
Rhesus Monkey genome - Answers Macaca mulatta, one of most important model organisms for
research. Central to our understanding of many diseases including CV disease, aging, diabetes, cancer,
Genome - Answers Complete set of DNA in a singe cell of an organism
Genomics - Answers Study of genomes. Allows the sequencing of entire genomes, and encompasses
structural, functional, comparative, and meta-, genomics
Structural genomics - Answers Sequencing genomes and analyzing nucleotide sequences to identify
genes and other important sequences such as gene-regulatory elements
Whole genome shotgun method (shotgun cloning) - Answers Most widely used strategy for sequencing
and assembling entire genomes. Involves genomic DNA cut into multiple overlapping fragments by
restriction enzyme digestion to create a series of contiguous fragments (contigs). The overlapping
sequenced fragments are aligned using computer program to assemble entire chromosome; fragments
aligning based on identical DNA sequences, like putting together a puzzle with nucleotide sequences
Comparative genomics - Answers Compares the genomes of different organisms incorporating the study
of gene and genomic evolution, explores the relationship between organisms and the environment, and
studies differences and similarities between organisms and how differences contribute to phenotype,
life cycles, etc. Complete sequences of various organisms show how they compare to human genes.
Many mutated genes involved in human disease also present in model organisms.
Prokaryotic Genomes - Answers Many already sequenced from organisms causing human diseases. Bac
have a singular, circular chromosome (with much variation in chromosome organization and number
among species), very high gene density and most of it coding (functional) DNA, bac DNA contains
operons
Eukaryotic genomes - Answers Much diversity and complexity. Basic features similar in different species
though size is variable. Gene density varies chromosome to chromosome, introns also vary in genomes
and genes, and about half the human genome is repetitive DNA
Genome similarity percentage as compared to human DNA - Answers 30% yeast, 80% mice, 98%
chimpanzees, 75% dog, 99% Neanderthal
Dog Genome - Answers Completed 2005. 75% similar genome to humans. Dogs share many of our
genetic disorders (>400 single gene disorders, sex-chomrosome aneuploidies, multifactorial diseases
(e.g., epilepsy) and behavioral conditions (e.g., OCD)
Chimpanzee genome - Answers Differing from human genome by less than 2%, speciation event
separated us about 6.3 mya. Interconnected elements include speciation, gene expression, genome
evolution
Rhesus Monkey genome - Answers Macaca mulatta, one of most important model organisms for
research. Central to our understanding of many diseases including CV disease, aging, diabetes, cancer,
