CMGT - 360 DBIA FUNDAMENTALS OF PROJECT TEST BANK SOLUTION MANUAL RATED 100%

CMGT - 360 DBIA FUNDAMENTALS OF PROJECT TEST BANK SOLUTION MANUAL RATED 100% Hammurabi - Answers ( BC) established the earliest known body of laws written to govern its people which included codes for builders Code of Hammurabi - Answers Obligation of design & construction to society Vitruvius - Answers * Roman writer, engineer, architect lived in 1st century BC (Roman Empire) ++ He created the original design and construction hand book (De Architectura Libri Decem "10 books of architecture" -- manufacturer of building materials/roads & bridges/heating water/amplification) * Credited with transitionong the practice of architecture and engineering to a routine practice * Established design and construction management as learned professions Brunelleschi - Answers * Quintessential design-builder and innovator () * Italian Artist-Architect-Builder (1420) * Master Builders who developed the "dome" concept for the Gothic Cathedral of Florence (the duomo) * Key figgure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern Renaissance area Middle Ages - Answers Craft training and education Renaissance - Answers Separate design and construction Leone Battista Alberti - Answers * First intentional separation of the art from the craft (1456) * Poet, Philosopher and secretary to the Pope. * The rise of professionalism: First push to separate design and construction as distinct functions The Rise of Professionalism - Answers * Established architecture as a profession distinct from the science of engineering and construction * From 15th century Renaissance in to 19th century Industrial Revolution, Architects retained responsibilities for both design and construction * Industrial Revolution brought on the separation of design and construction Return to Integration - Answers * DBIA founded in 1993 to help standardize and advocate for an already emerging design-build industry * Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) * Building Information Modeling (BIM) * Sustainable Design (Green/LEED) * High Performance Contracting (LEAN - Toyota Production Model) Effects of the Industrial Revolution - Answers - Division of Labor: Building professions took on increasingly defined roles of architects, engineer, and builder - Entrepreneurship: need fpr architects and engineers to take risk and assure performance and cost of facilities (construction) - Need for capital: Responded to need by non-participating owners (stockholders) becoming an integral part of projects Professional Societies - Answers • Greater professional specialization • Increase in specialized knowledge • Promotion & advocacy of professional interests & markets • Ethical standards of practice • Rise of conflict-of-interest issues ++Middle 19th century there was a clear distinction had been made between design professionals and builders • 1852 American Society of Civil Engineers an Architects (ASCEA) • 1857 Architects dropped and American Institute of Architects (AIA) was formed ++Design professionals wanted to separate themselves from sometimes corrupt builders The Miller Act (1935) - Answers ++Public contracting law mandating separation of design from construction * Contractor selection solely on lowest responsible bid * Existing Federal law requiring any federal project exceeding $100,000 to require two bonds (performance and a labor and material bond) * Implemented during World War I and Wold War II to reduce the risk of fraud, favoritism, undue influence, and reassurance to taxpayers their tax dollars were being spent properly. * Worked well for a long time... but new procurement methods are on the rise, especially the construction industry Professional licensing requirements - Answers * First license laws for Architect licensing initiated in 1897 * Architects, engineers, and contractors are required to be registered as licensed or certificated in most every state ++Professional license laws do not require design and construction be separate functions The Advent of Modern Design-Builders - Answers Lack of voluntary cooperation on more demanding jobsites lead to the advent of new delivery systems: * Construction managers (CM) * CM@Risk *Design-Build (Integrated Project Delivery) Project Delivery - Answers A comprehensive process including planning, design, construction & other services, necessary for organizing, executing & completing a building facility or project (method to organize, execute and complete a project) Three fundamental Owner decisions - Answers Delivery system, Procurement method, and contract format (Developing the "Acquisition Strategy) Importance of the Project Delivery Method - Answers *Establishes when the parties become engaged * Influences the choices of contractual relationships among the parties (determines how the parties constructing the project will interact with each other) *Influences ownership & impact of changes & modifications of project cost (determines the best method to ensure the Owner's project objectives are met while at the same time allowing the project to be completed on time within budget) 3 basic parties involved in the project delivery process - Answers Owner, Designer, and Contractor Familiar Project Delivery Methods - Answers * Design-Bid-Build (D-B-B) sometimes called "Traditional", most common and familiar delivery method * Multiple Prime (M-P) * Construction Management at Risk (CM@R) also known as CM/GC * Design-Build (D-B) Design-Bid-Build Advantages - Answers * Owner has control over the entire process (Owner involvement minimized after construction is initiated) ++A/E works directly for Owner ++The contractor works directly for Owner ++Known quantities to Owner, designer and constructors ++Reduced Owner risk. Risk almost completely on contractor * Provides benefits of open market competition * Relationships are well defined * Low first cost is the priority ++Project is simple ++Procurement laws restrict use of anything else * Owner wants to control design * No need for value engineering or innovation Design-Bid-Build Disadvantages - Answers ++Construction professional are not involved in design (no constructability review) ++Relationship between Architect and Contractor is informal ++Linear with no overlap in task leading to longer project durations/schedules. Slowest project delivery (Usually leads to limited interaction and team building among project team. Team works autonomously) ++Relies on a good set of plans and contract documents. Unforeseen conditions a risk. Multi-Prime (M-P) Advantages - Answers ++Owner has control over the entire process * A/E works directly for Owner