NR507 /NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024
EXAM 400 QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS AND
RATIONALES /BRAND NEW!! /A+
GRADE ASSURED
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in
bronchitis? (5) - ....ANSWER....- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? -
....ANSWER....causes increased bronchoconstriction
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -
....ANSWER....tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? -
....ANSWER....These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the
bronchials - ....ANSWER....promotes hypersecretion of mucus
,What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? -
....ANSWER....squamous cells become nonciliated and are
less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? -
....ANSWER....increases inflammation of the cite and causes
fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement
membranes effect the lungs? - ....ANSWER....leads to further
narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? -
....ANSWER....respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? -
....ANSWER....hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2
retention
Where does air enter the body? - ....ANSWER....naso and
oropharynx (mouth and nose)
blood cell formation
Fetus- liver and spleen
Adult- bone marrow - ...ANSWER...Hematopoiesis
A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells,
in hemoglobin, or in total volume. - ...ANSWER...Anemia
formation of red blood cells
In kidney in response to hypoxia -
...ANSWER...Erythropoiesis
,Large RBC's, normal hemoglobin
Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency -
...ANSWER...macrocytic normochromic anemia
small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes that are not able to
carry normal hemoglobin
Thalassemia- mediterranean - ...ANSWER...microcytic
hypochromic anemia
Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size
and normal hemoglobin
Aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell -
...ANSWER...normocytic normochromic anemia
anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build
hemoglobin for red blood cells
Affects children, poverty, child bearing age -
...ANSWER...iron deficiency anemia
red blood cells
Most abundant cell in the body
Responsible for tissue oxygenation
Mitotic division- 100-120 days - ...ANSWER...Erythrocytes
A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal
curved or "sickle" shape (Hb-s) - ...ANSWER...sickle cell
anemia
Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually
seen in persons of Mediterranean background. -
...ANSWER...Thalassemia
, Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb
vitamin B12 into the bloodstream - ...ANSWER...pernicious
anemia
Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red
blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells
by the spleen
Pancytopenia- reduction in all 3 types of blood cells (RBC,
WBC, Plt) - ...ANSWER...hemolytic anemia
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production
of red blood cells by bone marrow
In response to hypoxia
In the fetus the liver produces this -
...ANSWER...Erythropoietin (EPO)
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
for delivery to cells
4 molecules of O2
Made of polypeptide, heme, iron - ...ANSWER...Hemoglobin
Iron def anemia is major cause after this
Removal of stomach often leads to marked decrease in
production of gastric acid. This acid is necessary to convert
dietary iron to a form that is more readily absorbed by the
duodenum - ...ANSWER...anemia due to gastrectomy
Sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh incompatibility, drug induced
- ...ANSWER...hemolytic anemia causes
Atrovent & Spiriva both prevent the muscle bands around the
airways from tightening thus reduce in exacerbation
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024
EXAM 400 QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS AND
RATIONALES /BRAND NEW!! /A+
GRADE ASSURED
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in
bronchitis? (5) - ....ANSWER....- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? -
....ANSWER....causes increased bronchoconstriction
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -
....ANSWER....tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? -
....ANSWER....These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the
bronchials - ....ANSWER....promotes hypersecretion of mucus
,What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? -
....ANSWER....squamous cells become nonciliated and are
less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? -
....ANSWER....increases inflammation of the cite and causes
fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement
membranes effect the lungs? - ....ANSWER....leads to further
narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? -
....ANSWER....respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? -
....ANSWER....hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2
retention
Where does air enter the body? - ....ANSWER....naso and
oropharynx (mouth and nose)
blood cell formation
Fetus- liver and spleen
Adult- bone marrow - ...ANSWER...Hematopoiesis
A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells,
in hemoglobin, or in total volume. - ...ANSWER...Anemia
formation of red blood cells
In kidney in response to hypoxia -
...ANSWER...Erythropoiesis
,Large RBC's, normal hemoglobin
Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency -
...ANSWER...macrocytic normochromic anemia
small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes that are not able to
carry normal hemoglobin
Thalassemia- mediterranean - ...ANSWER...microcytic
hypochromic anemia
Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size
and normal hemoglobin
Aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell -
...ANSWER...normocytic normochromic anemia
anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build
hemoglobin for red blood cells
Affects children, poverty, child bearing age -
...ANSWER...iron deficiency anemia
red blood cells
Most abundant cell in the body
Responsible for tissue oxygenation
Mitotic division- 100-120 days - ...ANSWER...Erythrocytes
A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal
curved or "sickle" shape (Hb-s) - ...ANSWER...sickle cell
anemia
Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually
seen in persons of Mediterranean background. -
...ANSWER...Thalassemia
, Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb
vitamin B12 into the bloodstream - ...ANSWER...pernicious
anemia
Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red
blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells
by the spleen
Pancytopenia- reduction in all 3 types of blood cells (RBC,
WBC, Plt) - ...ANSWER...hemolytic anemia
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production
of red blood cells by bone marrow
In response to hypoxia
In the fetus the liver produces this -
...ANSWER...Erythropoietin (EPO)
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
for delivery to cells
4 molecules of O2
Made of polypeptide, heme, iron - ...ANSWER...Hemoglobin
Iron def anemia is major cause after this
Removal of stomach often leads to marked decrease in
production of gastric acid. This acid is necessary to convert
dietary iron to a form that is more readily absorbed by the
duodenum - ...ANSWER...anemia due to gastrectomy
Sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh incompatibility, drug induced
- ...ANSWER...hemolytic anemia causes
Atrovent & Spiriva both prevent the muscle bands around the
airways from tightening thus reduce in exacerbation
