Biology Major Field Test Study Set
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
"4 Biomolecules and Monomers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Protein (amino acids)
Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- two amino acids bonded together
what is the general fatty acid formula - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- CH3(CH2)nCOOH where
n= an even number between 12 and 24
explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- saturated: only
single bonds in hydrocarbon chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
glycerides - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Levels of Protein Structure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-
helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
nucleotide is composed of - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- phosphate group; sugar group;
nitrogenous base
Vmax - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is
saturated with enzyme
Feedback Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn.
blocks original enz.
Competitive Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- molecules compete with substrate for
enzyme's active sites
,irreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- chemically and covalently bind to active
site; rendering it permanently inactive
psuedoirreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- extremely high affinities for active
site; hard to displace
noncompetitive inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- do not compete for active site but act
elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape
photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- anabolic process that converts sunlight into
energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of
organic carbon compounds
electron transport chain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- series of carrier molecules on the inner
mitochondrial membrane which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one
side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient
chemiosmosis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to
generate energy. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the
gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP
ATP - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores
energy in it's phosphate bonds.
fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the
formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle
(producing CO2) or the ETC.
occluding/tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- nothing can diffuse between cells or
past junction
anchoring junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- physical joining so cells do not shear away
, communicating junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- gap junctions are formed by proteins
called connexins that allow for undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
plasmodesmata - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
G-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- globular monomer
F-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- long filament
microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- cellular conveyor belts
microtubule assoc. proteins - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- attach to tubulin on one end and
cargo on the other dyneins: pull to center kinesins: outside"
9+2 structure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- 9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central
microtubules for stability (structure of cilia&flagella)
basal bodies - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella;
foundation for new microtubules
centrioles - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle
intermediate filaments - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- thin fibers wound together in tight coils;
membrane stability
proto-oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- normal genes involved in control of cell
growth/division
oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- mutations occur and no longer maintain control over
a particular aspect of growth
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
"4 Biomolecules and Monomers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Protein (amino acids)
Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- two amino acids bonded together
what is the general fatty acid formula - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- CH3(CH2)nCOOH where
n= an even number between 12 and 24
explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- saturated: only
single bonds in hydrocarbon chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
glycerides - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Levels of Protein Structure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-
helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
nucleotide is composed of - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- phosphate group; sugar group;
nitrogenous base
Vmax - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is
saturated with enzyme
Feedback Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn.
blocks original enz.
Competitive Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- molecules compete with substrate for
enzyme's active sites
,irreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- chemically and covalently bind to active
site; rendering it permanently inactive
psuedoirreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- extremely high affinities for active
site; hard to displace
noncompetitive inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- do not compete for active site but act
elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape
photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- anabolic process that converts sunlight into
energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of
organic carbon compounds
electron transport chain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- series of carrier molecules on the inner
mitochondrial membrane which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one
side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient
chemiosmosis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to
generate energy. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the
gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP
ATP - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores
energy in it's phosphate bonds.
fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the
formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle
(producing CO2) or the ETC.
occluding/tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- nothing can diffuse between cells or
past junction
anchoring junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- physical joining so cells do not shear away
, communicating junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- gap junctions are formed by proteins
called connexins that allow for undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
plasmodesmata - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
G-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- globular monomer
F-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- long filament
microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- cellular conveyor belts
microtubule assoc. proteins - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- attach to tubulin on one end and
cargo on the other dyneins: pull to center kinesins: outside"
9+2 structure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- 9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central
microtubules for stability (structure of cilia&flagella)
basal bodies - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella;
foundation for new microtubules
centrioles - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle
intermediate filaments - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- thin fibers wound together in tight coils;
membrane stability
proto-oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- normal genes involved in control of cell
growth/division
oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- mutations occur and no longer maintain control over
a particular aspect of growth
