Biology 252 Exam 2
1. .When calcium ion concentration in the sarcoplasm is low the.. -
ANS-troponin-tropomyosin complex slides back over the myosin binding sites
2. A 12 year old girl produces relatively large amount of estrogen, a sex hormone that
stimulates growth of the epiphyseal plate, as well as the rate of ossification. How will that
affect her height in future months? At the age of 25? - ANS-Her growth for the next few
months increases, and she may be taller than a typical 12-year-old female. Because the
epiphyseal plates ossify earlier than normal, however, her height at age 18 will be less
than otherwise expected.
3. A band - ANS-Thick and thin filaments
4. A person with a hypoglycemia will secrete which hormones? - ANS-Insulin
5. A sarcomere is the distance between two ________. - ANS-Z discs
6. Acetylcholine - ANS-One of many signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters
employed by the nervous system; always fires in skeletal muscles
7. Acetylcholine esterase - ANS-Enzyme found on muscle fiber and in synaptic cleft that
quickly breaks down ACh to stop stimulation of the muscle and allow it to relax
8. ACTH - ANS--Anterior Pituitary
9. -stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
10. -important in glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
11. Actin - ANS-Compose thin filaments;
12. ADH - ANS--avoids dehydration
13. -Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus monitor solute concentrations
14. -High solute=not enough water=kidney retains water stimulated by ADH
15. -Low solutes=no ADH=no water loss
16. Adrenal cortex - ANS--Three layers that secrete 3 different hormones (aldosterone,
cortisol, and gonadocorticoids)
17. adrenal medulla - ANS--Secretes NE and epinephrine
18. Aldosterone - ANS--Targets kidney cells to return sodium to blood instead of releasing
them in urine
19. Anterior Pituitary Tropic Hormones - ANS--Regulate secretion of hormones in target
glands
20. Articular cartilage - ANS--Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that cover the ends where two
bones meet
21. -Eases joint movements
22. As blood calcium levels increase, - ANS-calcitonin levels increase
23. Calcification - ANS-Also called mineralization: the process of deposition of mineral salts
such as calcium and magnesium phosphates into a tissue. (Book 2, Chapter 4)
24. Calcitonin - ANS--Secreted by thyroid gland
25. -Response to high calcium level
, 26. -Promotes deposition of excess calcium into skeleton
27. -Important role for children and pregnant women`
28. Calcium - ANS--Deficiency (Hypocalcemia)- muscle tremors to tetanus
29. -Excess (hypercalcemia) depresses nervous, muscular, and cardiac function
30. cAMP - ANS--Used by amino acid based hormones as a second messenger on
membrane
31. -Activates or deactives enzymes
32. Chondrocytes - ANS--Cartilage cells
33. -Secrete matrix and are surrounded by it until they are trapped in lacunae
34. -Avascular; nutrition and waste removal depend on diffusion
35. -Low rates of metabolism and division (injured heals slowly)
36. -Differences in fibers-different classifications (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
37. Compare the function of the organic and the inorganic material in the bone matrix -
ANS--Inorganic (minerals) resist compression
38. -Organic (protein-carb complex/collagen) resists tension
39. Compression - ANS-Minerals provide resistance against this; without minerals, bones
would be rubbery
40. Cortisol - ANS--raises blood glucose to provide energy for stress
41. -Stimulates muscles to break down proteins, liver to synthesize glucose, adipose for fat
42. Describe in detail the events taking place from the moment action potential is generated
in the sarcolemma until thin filaments start to slide past the thick ones. - ANS--Excitation
of T tubule opens up Ca channels in terminal cisternae of SR. Calcium escapes SR and
flood cytosol of muscle fiber
43. -Ca binds to troponin of thin filaments of sarcomeres
44. -Tropomyosin moves out of the way of the active sites on actin of thin filaments. Muscle
contraction can begin
45. Describe in detail the events taking place from the moment the action potential reaches
the axon terminal until action potential is generated in the sarcolemma. - ANS--A nerve
signal arrives at the synapse and stimulates synaptic vesicles to release ACh into the
synaptic cleft
46. -ACh diffuses across the cleft and binds to ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. Each
receptor is a gated channel that opens in response to ACh, letting sodium quickly diffuse
into the muscle fiber and K diffuses out
47. -Na and K diffusion excites sarcolemma and starts action potentials that spread out in all
directions away from neuromuscular junction and pass down into the T tubules
48. Describe the cells of the bone tissue - ANS--Osteogenic cells
49. -Osteoblasts
50. -Osteocytes
51. -Osteoclasts
52. Describe the matrix of the bone tissue - ANS--Stony matter surrounding osteocytes and
lacunae
53. -1/3 organic (collagen and protein-carb complex) and 2/3 inorganic (CaK, CaCO3...)
54. -gives bone flexibility and strength
55. -Minerals resist compression
1. .When calcium ion concentration in the sarcoplasm is low the.. -
ANS-troponin-tropomyosin complex slides back over the myosin binding sites
2. A 12 year old girl produces relatively large amount of estrogen, a sex hormone that
stimulates growth of the epiphyseal plate, as well as the rate of ossification. How will that
affect her height in future months? At the age of 25? - ANS-Her growth for the next few
months increases, and she may be taller than a typical 12-year-old female. Because the
epiphyseal plates ossify earlier than normal, however, her height at age 18 will be less
than otherwise expected.
3. A band - ANS-Thick and thin filaments
4. A person with a hypoglycemia will secrete which hormones? - ANS-Insulin
5. A sarcomere is the distance between two ________. - ANS-Z discs
6. Acetylcholine - ANS-One of many signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters
employed by the nervous system; always fires in skeletal muscles
7. Acetylcholine esterase - ANS-Enzyme found on muscle fiber and in synaptic cleft that
quickly breaks down ACh to stop stimulation of the muscle and allow it to relax
8. ACTH - ANS--Anterior Pituitary
9. -stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
10. -important in glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
11. Actin - ANS-Compose thin filaments;
12. ADH - ANS--avoids dehydration
13. -Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus monitor solute concentrations
14. -High solute=not enough water=kidney retains water stimulated by ADH
15. -Low solutes=no ADH=no water loss
16. Adrenal cortex - ANS--Three layers that secrete 3 different hormones (aldosterone,
cortisol, and gonadocorticoids)
17. adrenal medulla - ANS--Secretes NE and epinephrine
18. Aldosterone - ANS--Targets kidney cells to return sodium to blood instead of releasing
them in urine
19. Anterior Pituitary Tropic Hormones - ANS--Regulate secretion of hormones in target
glands
20. Articular cartilage - ANS--Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that cover the ends where two
bones meet
21. -Eases joint movements
22. As blood calcium levels increase, - ANS-calcitonin levels increase
23. Calcification - ANS-Also called mineralization: the process of deposition of mineral salts
such as calcium and magnesium phosphates into a tissue. (Book 2, Chapter 4)
24. Calcitonin - ANS--Secreted by thyroid gland
25. -Response to high calcium level
, 26. -Promotes deposition of excess calcium into skeleton
27. -Important role for children and pregnant women`
28. Calcium - ANS--Deficiency (Hypocalcemia)- muscle tremors to tetanus
29. -Excess (hypercalcemia) depresses nervous, muscular, and cardiac function
30. cAMP - ANS--Used by amino acid based hormones as a second messenger on
membrane
31. -Activates or deactives enzymes
32. Chondrocytes - ANS--Cartilage cells
33. -Secrete matrix and are surrounded by it until they are trapped in lacunae
34. -Avascular; nutrition and waste removal depend on diffusion
35. -Low rates of metabolism and division (injured heals slowly)
36. -Differences in fibers-different classifications (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
37. Compare the function of the organic and the inorganic material in the bone matrix -
ANS--Inorganic (minerals) resist compression
38. -Organic (protein-carb complex/collagen) resists tension
39. Compression - ANS-Minerals provide resistance against this; without minerals, bones
would be rubbery
40. Cortisol - ANS--raises blood glucose to provide energy for stress
41. -Stimulates muscles to break down proteins, liver to synthesize glucose, adipose for fat
42. Describe in detail the events taking place from the moment action potential is generated
in the sarcolemma until thin filaments start to slide past the thick ones. - ANS--Excitation
of T tubule opens up Ca channels in terminal cisternae of SR. Calcium escapes SR and
flood cytosol of muscle fiber
43. -Ca binds to troponin of thin filaments of sarcomeres
44. -Tropomyosin moves out of the way of the active sites on actin of thin filaments. Muscle
contraction can begin
45. Describe in detail the events taking place from the moment the action potential reaches
the axon terminal until action potential is generated in the sarcolemma. - ANS--A nerve
signal arrives at the synapse and stimulates synaptic vesicles to release ACh into the
synaptic cleft
46. -ACh diffuses across the cleft and binds to ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. Each
receptor is a gated channel that opens in response to ACh, letting sodium quickly diffuse
into the muscle fiber and K diffuses out
47. -Na and K diffusion excites sarcolemma and starts action potentials that spread out in all
directions away from neuromuscular junction and pass down into the T tubules
48. Describe the cells of the bone tissue - ANS--Osteogenic cells
49. -Osteoblasts
50. -Osteocytes
51. -Osteoclasts
52. Describe the matrix of the bone tissue - ANS--Stony matter surrounding osteocytes and
lacunae
53. -1/3 organic (collagen and protein-carb complex) and 2/3 inorganic (CaK, CaCO3...)
54. -gives bone flexibility and strength
55. -Minerals resist compression
