ocean 100 sacramentogrilo final
exam|71 Q’s and A’s (100%
Accurate)
biological productivity - -synthesis of organic materials from inorganic
substances by photosynthesis/chemosynthesis
- what are the inputs & outputs of photosynthesis? - -inputs: water, carbon
dioxide, & sun energy
outputs: sugar & oxygen
(6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight - > C6H12O6 + 6O2)
- what are the different types of light penetration in the oceans? - -1.
red/orange = turned into heat energy b/c they cannot reach all the way
down
2. green/blue/purple = farthest reaching light
- euphotic zone - -light zone; extends from the surface down to the
compensation depth for photosynthesis, which is approx. 200m (330ft) in the
open ocean
- what are the 3 broad groups of sea "plants"? - -1. seed plants (true plants)
2. protists
3. cyanobacteria
- seed plants (true plants) - -1. eukaryotic
2. occur exclusively in shallow coastal areas
3. typically found in high-energy environments (intertidal zones)
4. ex. grasses & mangroves
- protists - -1. eukaryotic
2. ex. large algae (brown, green, & red), phytoplankton, diatoms,
coccolithophores, & dinoflagellates
- cyanobacteria - -1. prokaryotic
2. FIRST photosynthesizers (3.5bya)
3. ex. blue/green algae
- why are seed "plants" (true plants) all autotrophs? - -they produce their
own food
- what is taken from algae for our use? which kind? - -carrageenan, which is
used as a thickener & emulsifier, is derived from RED algae
, - what regions have high productivity? why? - -1. polar regions b/c there is
NO thermocline (waters are constantly upwelling & downwelling b/c it is cold)
2. coastal regions b/c of upwelling due to ekman flow & nutrients from land
3. coral reefs
- what regions have low productivity? why? - -subtropical regions b/c there
is a STABLE thermocline & far away from land (does not get nutrients)
- what is the most abundant of all sea "plants"? - -phytoplankton
- what are the trophic levels in order (top to bottom)? - -1. top predators
2. secondary consumers
3. primary consumers
4. primary producers
- how much energy is lost & absorbed per trophic level? - -10% is absorbed,
90% is lost
- autotrophs - -1. producers
2. photosynthetic
3. produce their own food
- heterotrophs - -1. consumers
2. all animals
3. must consume other organisms
- what are some examples of vertebrates? - -1. amphibians
2. reptiles
3. fish
4. birds
5. mammals
- how do marine animals, especially fish, adapt to the marine environment? -
-1. swimming/buoyancy
2. avoiding predators
3. gas exchange
- how do marine animals use swimming/bouyancy to adapt to the marine
environment? - -1. streamlined shape reduces water drag
2. fish have fins, while mammals have modified limbs
- how do marine animals avoid predators to adapt to the marine
environment? - -1. schooling
2. camouflage
3. armor plates/spines
exam|71 Q’s and A’s (100%
Accurate)
biological productivity - -synthesis of organic materials from inorganic
substances by photosynthesis/chemosynthesis
- what are the inputs & outputs of photosynthesis? - -inputs: water, carbon
dioxide, & sun energy
outputs: sugar & oxygen
(6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight - > C6H12O6 + 6O2)
- what are the different types of light penetration in the oceans? - -1.
red/orange = turned into heat energy b/c they cannot reach all the way
down
2. green/blue/purple = farthest reaching light
- euphotic zone - -light zone; extends from the surface down to the
compensation depth for photosynthesis, which is approx. 200m (330ft) in the
open ocean
- what are the 3 broad groups of sea "plants"? - -1. seed plants (true plants)
2. protists
3. cyanobacteria
- seed plants (true plants) - -1. eukaryotic
2. occur exclusively in shallow coastal areas
3. typically found in high-energy environments (intertidal zones)
4. ex. grasses & mangroves
- protists - -1. eukaryotic
2. ex. large algae (brown, green, & red), phytoplankton, diatoms,
coccolithophores, & dinoflagellates
- cyanobacteria - -1. prokaryotic
2. FIRST photosynthesizers (3.5bya)
3. ex. blue/green algae
- why are seed "plants" (true plants) all autotrophs? - -they produce their
own food
- what is taken from algae for our use? which kind? - -carrageenan, which is
used as a thickener & emulsifier, is derived from RED algae
, - what regions have high productivity? why? - -1. polar regions b/c there is
NO thermocline (waters are constantly upwelling & downwelling b/c it is cold)
2. coastal regions b/c of upwelling due to ekman flow & nutrients from land
3. coral reefs
- what regions have low productivity? why? - -subtropical regions b/c there
is a STABLE thermocline & far away from land (does not get nutrients)
- what is the most abundant of all sea "plants"? - -phytoplankton
- what are the trophic levels in order (top to bottom)? - -1. top predators
2. secondary consumers
3. primary consumers
4. primary producers
- how much energy is lost & absorbed per trophic level? - -10% is absorbed,
90% is lost
- autotrophs - -1. producers
2. photosynthetic
3. produce their own food
- heterotrophs - -1. consumers
2. all animals
3. must consume other organisms
- what are some examples of vertebrates? - -1. amphibians
2. reptiles
3. fish
4. birds
5. mammals
- how do marine animals, especially fish, adapt to the marine environment? -
-1. swimming/buoyancy
2. avoiding predators
3. gas exchange
- how do marine animals use swimming/bouyancy to adapt to the marine
environment? - -1. streamlined shape reduces water drag
2. fish have fins, while mammals have modified limbs
- how do marine animals avoid predators to adapt to the marine
environment? - -1. schooling
2. camouflage
3. armor plates/spines
