Made by Kayla White 1
,DEFINITIONS
Vectors and scalars:
• Vector: a physical quantity that has both direction and magnitude
• Scalar: a physical quantity that has magnitude only
• Resultant Vector: a single vector which has the same effect as the original
vectors acting together
• Distance: length of path travelled
• Displacement: A change in position
• Speed: Rate of change of distance
• Velocity: Rate of change of position [or displacement]
• Acceleration: rate of change of velocity
Newton’s laws:
• Weight [Fg]: the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any objects on or near its
surface
• Normal force [Fn]: the perpendicular force exerted by a surface of an object in
contact with it
• Frictional force [Ff]: the force that opposes the motion of an object and acts
parallel to the surface with which the object is in contact
• Newton’s First law of motion: an object continues in a state of uniform rest or
uniform velocity unless acted upon by a net or resultant force
• Newton’s second law of Motion: When a net force, Fnet, is applied to and object
of mass, m, it accelerates in the direction of the net force. The acceleration is
directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass
• Newtons third Law of Motion: when object A exerts a force on object B, object B
simultaneously exerts and oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object
A
• Newtons law of Universal gravitation: every particle with mass in the universe
attracts every other particle with a force which is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers
• Gravitational field: the net force acting per unit mass
Momentum and Impulse:
• Momentum: the product of the mass and velocity of the object
• Newton’s second law in terms of momentum: the net force acting on an object is
equal to the rate of change of momentum
• Impulse [J]: the product of the net force and contact time
• Law of conservation of liner momentum: the total linear momentum of an isolated
system remains constant (is conserved)
Made by Kayla White 2
, • Elastic collision: a collision in which both momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved
• Inelastic collision: a collision in which only momentum is conserved
Work, Energy, and power:
• Work done on an object: the product of the displacement and the component of
the force parallel to the displacement
• Gravitational potential energy: the energy an object possess due to is position
relative to a reference point
• Kinetic energy: the energy an object has as a result of the objects motion
• Mechanical energy: the sum of gravitational potential and kinetic energy at a
point
• Law of conservation of energy: the total energy in a system cannot be created
nor destroyed; only transferred from one form to another
• Principle of conservation of mechanical energy: in the absence of air resistance
or any external forces, the mechanical energy of an object is constant
• Work-energy theorem: work done by a net force on an object is equal to the
change in the kinetic energy of the object
• Power: The rate at which work is done
• Watt: the power when one joule of work is done in one second
• Efficiency: The ratio of output to input power
Electrostatics:
• Coulomb’s law: two point charges in free space or air exert a force on each other.
The force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distances between the charges
• Electric field at a point: the force per unit positive charge
Electric circuits:
• Potential difference: the work done per unit positive charge
• Current: the rate of flow of charge
• Ohm’s law: current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across the conductor at constant temperature
• Resistance: A materials opposition to the flow of electric current
• EMF: the total energy supplied per coulomb of charge by the cell
Electrodynamics:
• Magnetic flux density: is a representation of the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field
• Magnetic flux linkage: product of the number of turns on the coil and the flux
through the coil
Made by Kayla White 3
, • Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction: the emf induced is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux [flux linkage]
• Lenz’s law: the induced current flows in a direction so as to set us a magnetic
field to oppose the change in magnetic flux
• Diode: a component that only allows current to flow in one direction
Optical Phenomena and Properties of materials:
• Threshold frequency [fo]: the minimum frequency of incident radiation at which
electrons will be emitted from a particular metal
• Work function [Wo]: the minimum amount of energy needed to emit and electron
from the surface of a metal
CHAPTER 2
Projectile motion and graphs of motion:
o Free fall: when an object moves up and down or under the influence of
gravitational force and no other forces acting
UP AND DOWN
Positive negative
Max height V=0
time up = 1,5s time up = 1,5s
displacement = 11,025m displacement = -11,025m
acceleration [g] = -9,8m. s-2 acceleration [g] = -9,8m. s-2
velocity = 14,7m. s-1 velocity = -14,7m. s-1
object from rest equations:
When dealing with downward motion: velocity,
1
Vf =g∆t and ∆ x = 2g ∆ t2 acceleration and displacement all have the same
direction so you can use positive signs instead of
negative
If the weight of an object is not balanced, it will
accelerate towards the earth
Gravitational acceleration = 9,8m.s-2 V air resistance
When the force of air resistance becomes equal
to the weight of the object, the net force is zero
and the object will no longer accelerate but fall
with constant velocity
➔ This is terminal velocity
Made by Kayla White 4
, Decrease velocity,
moving forwads
GRAPHS OF MOTION
Accelerating
o Object falls from rest
Acceleration =
backwards
gradient and x = area
∆x (m)
Vf
under the curve Down is +
V (m.s-1)
∆t (s) ∆t (s)
t [hits ground]
- Object thrown up and falls below start position
Up is +
Velocity is decreasing
B max. height V=0 g=0
Vi A
B max. height
0 ∆t (s)
-Vi A
∆x (m)
-Vf C Below start
Hits ground C ∆t (s)
max. height Ground is reference
- Object thrown up, hits ground and bounces
Up is +
∆x (m)
D B
Vi A
E
B E ∆t (s)
A F ∆t (s)
-Vf F C D
C
Lines are parallel
A = start because gradient = -
9,8m.s-2
B = max. height
C/D = contact with the ground
E = top of bounce
F = hits ground
- Acceleration for object in free fall
∆t (s) V/t graph: gradient = acc.
a (m.s-2)
Area = ∆x
- 9,8 ∆x/t graph: gradient = velocity
Made by Kayla White 5
,DEFINITIONS
Vectors and scalars:
• Vector: a physical quantity that has both direction and magnitude
• Scalar: a physical quantity that has magnitude only
• Resultant Vector: a single vector which has the same effect as the original
vectors acting together
• Distance: length of path travelled
• Displacement: A change in position
• Speed: Rate of change of distance
• Velocity: Rate of change of position [or displacement]
• Acceleration: rate of change of velocity
Newton’s laws:
• Weight [Fg]: the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any objects on or near its
surface
• Normal force [Fn]: the perpendicular force exerted by a surface of an object in
contact with it
• Frictional force [Ff]: the force that opposes the motion of an object and acts
parallel to the surface with which the object is in contact
• Newton’s First law of motion: an object continues in a state of uniform rest or
uniform velocity unless acted upon by a net or resultant force
• Newton’s second law of Motion: When a net force, Fnet, is applied to and object
of mass, m, it accelerates in the direction of the net force. The acceleration is
directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass
• Newtons third Law of Motion: when object A exerts a force on object B, object B
simultaneously exerts and oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object
A
• Newtons law of Universal gravitation: every particle with mass in the universe
attracts every other particle with a force which is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers
• Gravitational field: the net force acting per unit mass
Momentum and Impulse:
• Momentum: the product of the mass and velocity of the object
• Newton’s second law in terms of momentum: the net force acting on an object is
equal to the rate of change of momentum
• Impulse [J]: the product of the net force and contact time
• Law of conservation of liner momentum: the total linear momentum of an isolated
system remains constant (is conserved)
Made by Kayla White 2
, • Elastic collision: a collision in which both momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved
• Inelastic collision: a collision in which only momentum is conserved
Work, Energy, and power:
• Work done on an object: the product of the displacement and the component of
the force parallel to the displacement
• Gravitational potential energy: the energy an object possess due to is position
relative to a reference point
• Kinetic energy: the energy an object has as a result of the objects motion
• Mechanical energy: the sum of gravitational potential and kinetic energy at a
point
• Law of conservation of energy: the total energy in a system cannot be created
nor destroyed; only transferred from one form to another
• Principle of conservation of mechanical energy: in the absence of air resistance
or any external forces, the mechanical energy of an object is constant
• Work-energy theorem: work done by a net force on an object is equal to the
change in the kinetic energy of the object
• Power: The rate at which work is done
• Watt: the power when one joule of work is done in one second
• Efficiency: The ratio of output to input power
Electrostatics:
• Coulomb’s law: two point charges in free space or air exert a force on each other.
The force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distances between the charges
• Electric field at a point: the force per unit positive charge
Electric circuits:
• Potential difference: the work done per unit positive charge
• Current: the rate of flow of charge
• Ohm’s law: current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across the conductor at constant temperature
• Resistance: A materials opposition to the flow of electric current
• EMF: the total energy supplied per coulomb of charge by the cell
Electrodynamics:
• Magnetic flux density: is a representation of the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field
• Magnetic flux linkage: product of the number of turns on the coil and the flux
through the coil
Made by Kayla White 3
, • Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction: the emf induced is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux [flux linkage]
• Lenz’s law: the induced current flows in a direction so as to set us a magnetic
field to oppose the change in magnetic flux
• Diode: a component that only allows current to flow in one direction
Optical Phenomena and Properties of materials:
• Threshold frequency [fo]: the minimum frequency of incident radiation at which
electrons will be emitted from a particular metal
• Work function [Wo]: the minimum amount of energy needed to emit and electron
from the surface of a metal
CHAPTER 2
Projectile motion and graphs of motion:
o Free fall: when an object moves up and down or under the influence of
gravitational force and no other forces acting
UP AND DOWN
Positive negative
Max height V=0
time up = 1,5s time up = 1,5s
displacement = 11,025m displacement = -11,025m
acceleration [g] = -9,8m. s-2 acceleration [g] = -9,8m. s-2
velocity = 14,7m. s-1 velocity = -14,7m. s-1
object from rest equations:
When dealing with downward motion: velocity,
1
Vf =g∆t and ∆ x = 2g ∆ t2 acceleration and displacement all have the same
direction so you can use positive signs instead of
negative
If the weight of an object is not balanced, it will
accelerate towards the earth
Gravitational acceleration = 9,8m.s-2 V air resistance
When the force of air resistance becomes equal
to the weight of the object, the net force is zero
and the object will no longer accelerate but fall
with constant velocity
➔ This is terminal velocity
Made by Kayla White 4
, Decrease velocity,
moving forwads
GRAPHS OF MOTION
Accelerating
o Object falls from rest
Acceleration =
backwards
gradient and x = area
∆x (m)
Vf
under the curve Down is +
V (m.s-1)
∆t (s) ∆t (s)
t [hits ground]
- Object thrown up and falls below start position
Up is +
Velocity is decreasing
B max. height V=0 g=0
Vi A
B max. height
0 ∆t (s)
-Vi A
∆x (m)
-Vf C Below start
Hits ground C ∆t (s)
max. height Ground is reference
- Object thrown up, hits ground and bounces
Up is +
∆x (m)
D B
Vi A
E
B E ∆t (s)
A F ∆t (s)
-Vf F C D
C
Lines are parallel
A = start because gradient = -
9,8m.s-2
B = max. height
C/D = contact with the ground
E = top of bounce
F = hits ground
- Acceleration for object in free fall
∆t (s) V/t graph: gradient = acc.
a (m.s-2)
Area = ∆x
- 9,8 ∆x/t graph: gradient = velocity
Made by Kayla White 5
