NSCI 175 Exam 3
Draw a diagram to compare the pattern of neural communication between neurons of the secretory
hypothalamus, network of neurons of the ANS, and diffuse modulatory systems - Answer-Hormones
have more widespread effects in the brain and body, can target many sites in the body, and have often
longer lasting effects compared to traditional neurotransmitters.
Secretory Hypothalamus - Answer-By secreting chemicals directly into the bloodstream, the secretory
hypothalamus can influence functions throughout both the brain and the body
Autonomic Nervous System - Answer-(controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus). It has extensive
interconnections within the body, the ANS simultaneously controls the responses of many internal
organs, blood vessels, and glands.
Central Nervous System - Answer-Only found in CNS and consists of related cell groups that differ with
respect to the neurotransmitter they use. Cell groups extend their spatial reach with highly divergent
axonal projections and prolong their actions by using metabotropic postsynaptic receptors.
-Known as the diffuse modulatory system of the brain. It is believed to regulate levels of arousal and
mood.
Homeostasis - Answer-Maintenance of body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range
-Also involves temperature regulation: sweat, shunt blood to surface tissues where heat can radiate
away, move to shade, seek water, etc
,Interaction of the hypothalamus and homeostasis - Answer--The hypothalamus integrates somatic and
visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain.
-A tiny lesion in the hypothalamus can produce dramatic and often fatal disruptions of widely dispersed
bodily functions.
-Temperature sensitive cells in the hypothalamus detect changes in brain temperature and orchestrate
the appropriate responses
True or False: Negative feedback systems are the primary homeostatic mechanisms - Answer-True
Set zone - Answer-The range of tolerance in a system
Redundancy - Answer-Physiological systems show redundancy—they are monitored by more than one
mechanism
Oxycotin - Answer-Neurohormone that controls lactation, suppress hypothalamic function, "love"
hormone
-Released by the magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the hypothalamus
Vasopressin (aka ADH) - Answer-Released by magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the posterior
pituitary & synthesized by hypothalamus - regulates blood volume and salt concentration
-Lead to water retention and decreased urine output
**triggered by renin from kidney
Vasopressin & Oxytocin Receptors are expressed in the _____________ pathway - Answer-Reward
-The Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) is part of the reward pathway
,Which part of the pituitary (anterior or posterior) is considered a true endocrince gland? Why? -
Answer-The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an actual gland. The cells of the anterior lobe synthesize and
secrete a wide range of hormones that regulate secretions from other glands throughout the body.
Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary - Answer-•Controlled by parvocellular neurosecretory
cells
•Secrete hypophysiotropic hormones
•Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation
•Pituitary cells secrete or stop secreting hormones.
-Parvo cells communicate with targets via bloodstream bc axons do not extend all the way down
Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation - Answer--network of tiny blood vessels that run down the
stalk of the pituitary and branch in the anterior lobe
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Answer-Controls development of ovarian follicles, and sperm
production
-Targets Gonads
LH (luteinizing hormone) - Answer-A hormone that causes maturation of the testes and ovaries
-Targets Gonads
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of thyroxin (which increases
metabolic rate)
-Targets the thyroid
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex (which
mobilizes energy stores and inhibits the immune system)
, GH (growth hormone) - Answer-Stimulation of protein synthesis
-Targets all cells
Prolactin - Answer-Stimulates milk production
-Targets mammary glands
Stress response and the anterior pituitary - Answer-•Periventricular hypothalamus secretes CRH into
portal circulation.
•ACTH released into circulation
•ACTH stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex.
Cortisol - Answer-Stress Steroid
-Mobilizes energy & suppresses immune system!
Autonomic Nervous System response to stress - Answer--Periventricular Hypothalamus activates the
sympathetic ANS in stressful situations!
-Sympathetic division: "fight or flight"
-Increased heart rate and blood pressure
-Depressed digestive function
-Mobilized glucose reserves
**slowwwww
What are some consequences of chronic stress? - Answer-Excitotoxicity (chronic calcium entry); cell
death (degeneration) in hippocampus, ulcers, enlarged adrenal glands, heightened anxiety, memory
disruption, PTSD heightened anxiety
Stress Pathway - Answer-Stress --> cortisol from adrenal cortex
Draw a diagram to compare the pattern of neural communication between neurons of the secretory
hypothalamus, network of neurons of the ANS, and diffuse modulatory systems - Answer-Hormones
have more widespread effects in the brain and body, can target many sites in the body, and have often
longer lasting effects compared to traditional neurotransmitters.
Secretory Hypothalamus - Answer-By secreting chemicals directly into the bloodstream, the secretory
hypothalamus can influence functions throughout both the brain and the body
Autonomic Nervous System - Answer-(controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus). It has extensive
interconnections within the body, the ANS simultaneously controls the responses of many internal
organs, blood vessels, and glands.
Central Nervous System - Answer-Only found in CNS and consists of related cell groups that differ with
respect to the neurotransmitter they use. Cell groups extend their spatial reach with highly divergent
axonal projections and prolong their actions by using metabotropic postsynaptic receptors.
-Known as the diffuse modulatory system of the brain. It is believed to regulate levels of arousal and
mood.
Homeostasis - Answer-Maintenance of body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range
-Also involves temperature regulation: sweat, shunt blood to surface tissues where heat can radiate
away, move to shade, seek water, etc
,Interaction of the hypothalamus and homeostasis - Answer--The hypothalamus integrates somatic and
visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain.
-A tiny lesion in the hypothalamus can produce dramatic and often fatal disruptions of widely dispersed
bodily functions.
-Temperature sensitive cells in the hypothalamus detect changes in brain temperature and orchestrate
the appropriate responses
True or False: Negative feedback systems are the primary homeostatic mechanisms - Answer-True
Set zone - Answer-The range of tolerance in a system
Redundancy - Answer-Physiological systems show redundancy—they are monitored by more than one
mechanism
Oxycotin - Answer-Neurohormone that controls lactation, suppress hypothalamic function, "love"
hormone
-Released by the magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the hypothalamus
Vasopressin (aka ADH) - Answer-Released by magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the posterior
pituitary & synthesized by hypothalamus - regulates blood volume and salt concentration
-Lead to water retention and decreased urine output
**triggered by renin from kidney
Vasopressin & Oxytocin Receptors are expressed in the _____________ pathway - Answer-Reward
-The Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) is part of the reward pathway
,Which part of the pituitary (anterior or posterior) is considered a true endocrince gland? Why? -
Answer-The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an actual gland. The cells of the anterior lobe synthesize and
secrete a wide range of hormones that regulate secretions from other glands throughout the body.
Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary - Answer-•Controlled by parvocellular neurosecretory
cells
•Secrete hypophysiotropic hormones
•Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation
•Pituitary cells secrete or stop secreting hormones.
-Parvo cells communicate with targets via bloodstream bc axons do not extend all the way down
Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation - Answer--network of tiny blood vessels that run down the
stalk of the pituitary and branch in the anterior lobe
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Answer-Controls development of ovarian follicles, and sperm
production
-Targets Gonads
LH (luteinizing hormone) - Answer-A hormone that causes maturation of the testes and ovaries
-Targets Gonads
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of thyroxin (which increases
metabolic rate)
-Targets the thyroid
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex (which
mobilizes energy stores and inhibits the immune system)
, GH (growth hormone) - Answer-Stimulation of protein synthesis
-Targets all cells
Prolactin - Answer-Stimulates milk production
-Targets mammary glands
Stress response and the anterior pituitary - Answer-•Periventricular hypothalamus secretes CRH into
portal circulation.
•ACTH released into circulation
•ACTH stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex.
Cortisol - Answer-Stress Steroid
-Mobilizes energy & suppresses immune system!
Autonomic Nervous System response to stress - Answer--Periventricular Hypothalamus activates the
sympathetic ANS in stressful situations!
-Sympathetic division: "fight or flight"
-Increased heart rate and blood pressure
-Depressed digestive function
-Mobilized glucose reserves
**slowwwww
What are some consequences of chronic stress? - Answer-Excitotoxicity (chronic calcium entry); cell
death (degeneration) in hippocampus, ulcers, enlarged adrenal glands, heightened anxiety, memory
disruption, PTSD heightened anxiety
Stress Pathway - Answer-Stress --> cortisol from adrenal cortex
