NUR 8022 Intro to Advanced
Physiology and Pathophysiology
Exam 2024
Electrolytes - --Inorganic ions in the protoplasm are electrolytes
-Most common electrolytes in the body are Na+, K+, and Cl-
-Internal Environment - --60% of the body is fluid
-Mostly inside the cells (ICF)
-Contains ions and nutrients to sustain life
-inorganic: ions: Na+, K+, Cl-
-organic: proteins, lipids, carbs
-Proper concentrations of O2, glucose, different ions, AA, fatty substances,
and other constituents in this environment essential to cell viability
-ECF - --Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
-Nutrients = O2, glucose, fatty acids, and AA
-Waste products for excretion (CO2)
-Membranes maintain concentration balance (Na+ on the outside, K+ on
inside)
-ICF - --K+, Mag, Phosphate ions
-Homeostasis - --"Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment"
-All organs and tissues involved
EX: kidneys maintain ion concentrations,
respiratory-- O2 and excretion of CO2
-Control systems control ICF and ECF functions
EX: regulation of O2 and CO2
-Negative Feedback - -promotes stability; most of the time it's a good thing.
Promotes homeostasis. End result is different than initiating stimulus
EX: hyperglycemia- pancreas will release insulin---> takes glucose back into
the cells---> decreases blood glucose level
*started with elevated BGL, ended with decrease BGL
-Positive Feedback - -promotes change in one direction; initiating trigger is
made worse.
EX: labor contractions-become closer, stronger (Exaggerated response)
-Cell Membrane - -1. Phospholipids
2.Cholesterol
, 3.Proteins
*cell membrane is the gate keeper
-Proteins in Cell Membrane - --provide selectivity to a membrane
-defined by mode of association with the lipid bilayer
-integral: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
(transmembrane proteins-extend the width of lipid bilayer)
-peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
-Cell Membrane Composition - --lipid bilayer
-hydrophilic (charged) head
-hydrophobic tail (not charged)
-Carbohydrates (Cell Membrane) - --negative charge of carbo chains repels
other negative charges
-involved in cell-cell attachments/interactions (other cells stick to each other)
-play a role in immune reactions
-receptors for binding hormones ( like insulin)
-"glycocalyx)
-Cholesterol (Cell Membrane) - --present in membranes in varying amounts
-Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and PERMEABILITY (except plasma
membrane--> less lipids= Water can pass more easily)
-Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY
-dissolved within the bilayer membrane
-ATP Production - -Step 1.
- Carbohydrates are converted to glucose
- Proteins are converted into AA
- Fats are converted into fatty acids
Step 2.
-Glucose, AA, and FA are processed into AcetylCoA
Step 3.
-AcetylCoA reacts with O2 to produce ATP
*38 molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose degraded.
-Cellular Power - --ATP serves as the chemical fuel for cellular processes
-Adenosine is joined to 3 phosphate (or triphosphate groups
-chemical bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups contain
abundant energy
-ATP converted to ADP to produce energy
- the rupture of the terminal phosphate bond releases energy
Physiology and Pathophysiology
Exam 2024
Electrolytes - --Inorganic ions in the protoplasm are electrolytes
-Most common electrolytes in the body are Na+, K+, and Cl-
-Internal Environment - --60% of the body is fluid
-Mostly inside the cells (ICF)
-Contains ions and nutrients to sustain life
-inorganic: ions: Na+, K+, Cl-
-organic: proteins, lipids, carbs
-Proper concentrations of O2, glucose, different ions, AA, fatty substances,
and other constituents in this environment essential to cell viability
-ECF - --Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
-Nutrients = O2, glucose, fatty acids, and AA
-Waste products for excretion (CO2)
-Membranes maintain concentration balance (Na+ on the outside, K+ on
inside)
-ICF - --K+, Mag, Phosphate ions
-Homeostasis - --"Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment"
-All organs and tissues involved
EX: kidneys maintain ion concentrations,
respiratory-- O2 and excretion of CO2
-Control systems control ICF and ECF functions
EX: regulation of O2 and CO2
-Negative Feedback - -promotes stability; most of the time it's a good thing.
Promotes homeostasis. End result is different than initiating stimulus
EX: hyperglycemia- pancreas will release insulin---> takes glucose back into
the cells---> decreases blood glucose level
*started with elevated BGL, ended with decrease BGL
-Positive Feedback - -promotes change in one direction; initiating trigger is
made worse.
EX: labor contractions-become closer, stronger (Exaggerated response)
-Cell Membrane - -1. Phospholipids
2.Cholesterol
, 3.Proteins
*cell membrane is the gate keeper
-Proteins in Cell Membrane - --provide selectivity to a membrane
-defined by mode of association with the lipid bilayer
-integral: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
(transmembrane proteins-extend the width of lipid bilayer)
-peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
-Cell Membrane Composition - --lipid bilayer
-hydrophilic (charged) head
-hydrophobic tail (not charged)
-Carbohydrates (Cell Membrane) - --negative charge of carbo chains repels
other negative charges
-involved in cell-cell attachments/interactions (other cells stick to each other)
-play a role in immune reactions
-receptors for binding hormones ( like insulin)
-"glycocalyx)
-Cholesterol (Cell Membrane) - --present in membranes in varying amounts
-Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and PERMEABILITY (except plasma
membrane--> less lipids= Water can pass more easily)
-Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY
-dissolved within the bilayer membrane
-ATP Production - -Step 1.
- Carbohydrates are converted to glucose
- Proteins are converted into AA
- Fats are converted into fatty acids
Step 2.
-Glucose, AA, and FA are processed into AcetylCoA
Step 3.
-AcetylCoA reacts with O2 to produce ATP
*38 molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose degraded.
-Cellular Power - --ATP serves as the chemical fuel for cellular processes
-Adenosine is joined to 3 phosphate (or triphosphate groups
-chemical bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups contain
abundant energy
-ATP converted to ADP to produce energy
- the rupture of the terminal phosphate bond releases energy
