PPGH EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
what does FINER stand for when asking a good research question? - Answer feasible,
interesting, novel, ethical, relevant
what does PICOT stand for when asking a good research question? - Answer population
(patients), intervention, comparison group, outcome, time
what does epidemiology mean? - Answer the study of the distribution and the
determinants of a disease in a population
what does point prevelence mean? - Answer the number of new and old cases at one
point of time in the population
what is qualitative data? - Answer observed not measured
what is quantitative data? - Answer observed and measured
what is an endemic? - Answer permanent disease in a region or population
what is an epidemic? - Answer this is an outbreak of disease that affects a higher
number of individuals and spreads more than it should for a given time and place
that is the numerator of all the equations - Answer those affected at a given point in time
what is a pandemic? - Answer worldwide epidemic
what is the denominator of all the questions? - Answer total in that specific
population/sample
what does DALYS stand for and what does it measure? - Answer years of potential life
lost due to premature mortality + years lived in disability or disease (YLL +YLD)
measures disease burden and is often used in measuring chronic diseases
what is incidence rate? - Answer the number of new cases in a population
what is the prevalence rate? - Answer the number of new and old cases in a population
at a given time
what are QALYs? - Answer measure of the state of health a person or group in which
benefits or burdens are adjusted to reflect the quality of life
equation for prevealence - Answer P = number of cases at a given time/number of
people in the population
what is considered an outbreak? - Answer 2 or more cases where the onset of illness is
, closely linked in time (weeks rather than months) and in space, where there is suspicion
of, or evidence of, a common source of infection, with or without microbiological
support
what is the best way to investigate an outbreak? - Answer case-controlled study
what is considered to be an impairment? - Answer any abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or loss in function
what is a disability? - Answer restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in ways
that are considered normal for a human being
what is a handicap? - Answer limitations or preventions that put one at a disadvantage
from performing their normal roles
what is the aim of health improvement? - Answer enhancing the health of an entire
population (local, regional, national)
what is health promotion? - Answer enabling people to increase control over their health
and its determinants thereby improving their health
what is the tannahill model and what are the 3 concepts? - Answer the description of the
concept of health promotion as a crossover of three things:
1. health protection
2. disease prevention
3. health education
what is health protection? - Answer protecting individuals, groups and populations from
cases of infectious disease, incidents and outbreaks, and non-infectious environmental
hazards such as chemicals and radiation
what is disease prevention? - Answer the process of reducing risks and alleviating
disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress
what is health health education? - Answer educating people on how to make healthier
choices eg. changing beliefs, attitudes and behaviours
describe primary prevention of disease - Answer actions taken to prevent disease from
even happening in the first place eg. vaccination, less salt in foods, stop smoking to
prevent cancer
describe secondary prevention of disease - Answer actions taken to catch a disease
early and prevent progression eg. screening, early detection of STIs
describe tertiary prevention of disease - Answer measures taken to minimise suffering
and improve quality of life (reducing disability) eg. medication
CORRECT ANSWERS
what does FINER stand for when asking a good research question? - Answer feasible,
interesting, novel, ethical, relevant
what does PICOT stand for when asking a good research question? - Answer population
(patients), intervention, comparison group, outcome, time
what does epidemiology mean? - Answer the study of the distribution and the
determinants of a disease in a population
what does point prevelence mean? - Answer the number of new and old cases at one
point of time in the population
what is qualitative data? - Answer observed not measured
what is quantitative data? - Answer observed and measured
what is an endemic? - Answer permanent disease in a region or population
what is an epidemic? - Answer this is an outbreak of disease that affects a higher
number of individuals and spreads more than it should for a given time and place
that is the numerator of all the equations - Answer those affected at a given point in time
what is a pandemic? - Answer worldwide epidemic
what is the denominator of all the questions? - Answer total in that specific
population/sample
what does DALYS stand for and what does it measure? - Answer years of potential life
lost due to premature mortality + years lived in disability or disease (YLL +YLD)
measures disease burden and is often used in measuring chronic diseases
what is incidence rate? - Answer the number of new cases in a population
what is the prevalence rate? - Answer the number of new and old cases in a population
at a given time
what are QALYs? - Answer measure of the state of health a person or group in which
benefits or burdens are adjusted to reflect the quality of life
equation for prevealence - Answer P = number of cases at a given time/number of
people in the population
what is considered an outbreak? - Answer 2 or more cases where the onset of illness is
, closely linked in time (weeks rather than months) and in space, where there is suspicion
of, or evidence of, a common source of infection, with or without microbiological
support
what is the best way to investigate an outbreak? - Answer case-controlled study
what is considered to be an impairment? - Answer any abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or loss in function
what is a disability? - Answer restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in ways
that are considered normal for a human being
what is a handicap? - Answer limitations or preventions that put one at a disadvantage
from performing their normal roles
what is the aim of health improvement? - Answer enhancing the health of an entire
population (local, regional, national)
what is health promotion? - Answer enabling people to increase control over their health
and its determinants thereby improving their health
what is the tannahill model and what are the 3 concepts? - Answer the description of the
concept of health promotion as a crossover of three things:
1. health protection
2. disease prevention
3. health education
what is health protection? - Answer protecting individuals, groups and populations from
cases of infectious disease, incidents and outbreaks, and non-infectious environmental
hazards such as chemicals and radiation
what is disease prevention? - Answer the process of reducing risks and alleviating
disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress
what is health health education? - Answer educating people on how to make healthier
choices eg. changing beliefs, attitudes and behaviours
describe primary prevention of disease - Answer actions taken to prevent disease from
even happening in the first place eg. vaccination, less salt in foods, stop smoking to
prevent cancer
describe secondary prevention of disease - Answer actions taken to catch a disease
early and prevent progression eg. screening, early detection of STIs
describe tertiary prevention of disease - Answer measures taken to minimise suffering
and improve quality of life (reducing disability) eg. medication
