2024 PATHO NR 283 EXAM 1 WITH
100% VALID ANSWERS
In regards to chromosomal mutation, nondisjunction is known as what? -
CORRECT-ANSWERSFailure of homologous chromosomes to separate during
cell division
What is an example of an autosomal-dominant disease? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSHuntington's disease
What conditions could cause a mild chronic level of respiratory acidosis due
to the lungs never exhaling the CO2 adequately? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSobstructive sleep apnea or extreme obesity
Describe conditions that would lead to a client breathing faster or
hyperventilating, which leads to respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSAcute anxiety or panic attack, pain, fever that tells the body to
breathe faster to increase the oxygen that is needed, gram-negative
septicemia triggering the respiratory center to increase breathing, levels of
mechanical ventilation that are too high, and any state that causes the
metabolism to increase to speed up breathing because more oxygen is
needed.
Describe the symptoms observed with respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdizziness, muscle irritability, anxiety, inability to concentrate,
numbness, dry mouth, diaphoresis, seizures, feelings of faintness, coma
What symptoms are the same for both alkalosis and acidosis? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdizziness, muscle twitching and irritability, disorientation and
confusion, diaphoresis, coma
What would the respiratory rate range be like if you are experiencing
respiratory alkalosis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSit can be as high as 40/minute,
like panting
A. explain why a cast placed around a fractured leg in which extensive tissue
damage has occured might be too tight after after 24 hrs?
,B. explain why such a cast might become loose in 3 weeks - CORRECT-
ANSWERSA. Inflammation related to tissue damage causes increasing edema
for at least 48 hours under the rigid, non-expandable cast.
B. Inflammation has subsided and muscle atrophy has occurred because of
immobility.
list specific reasons why the inflammatory response is considered a body
defense mechanism - CORRECT-ANSWERSPain and visible redness provide
warning of tissue injury. Increased fluid at the site dilutes any toxic material.
Fibrin mesh and leukocytes localize (wall off) the causative agent. Migration
of phagocytic cells, leukocytes, and antibodies (globulins) to the area combat
or destroy the agent, and remove debris in preparation for healing.
A. explain the rationale for each of the following with acute inflammation: (i)
warmth, (ii) fever.
B. state three systemic signs of inflammation - CORRECT-ANSWERSA.
Warmth results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the area; fever
is caused by the release of pyrogens from WBCs.
B. Low-grade fever occurs with increased WBCs, malaise, anorexia, and
headache.
explain why leukocytosis, a differential count, and elevated ESR are useful
data but are of limited value - CORRECT-ANSWERSThey confirm the presence
of inflammation in the body but do not define the specific cause or location
of the problem. In some cases, a differential count is helpful.
A. explain how acute inflammation predisposes to development of infection
B. classify each as inflammation or infection:
(i) sunburn, (ii) skin rash under adhesive tape, (iii) common cold, (iv) red,
swollen eye with purulent exudate - CORRECT-ANSWERSa. The increased
permeability may permit leakage or penetration of toxins or bacteria (e.g.,
through the intestinal wall). Any necrosis breaks the barrier, allowing
microbes to invade. The edema or increased interstitial fluid may impair
arterial flow to an area, leading to ischemia and decreased access of
leukocytes to the site. The exudate provides a nutritious medium for
organisms to reproduce.
b. Inflammation accompanies i and ii; infection is associated with iii and iv.
how does the presence of thick, cloudy, yellowish fluid in the peritoneal
cavity differ from the normal state? - CORRECT-ANSWERSNormal fluid should
be watery, clear, and colorless.
, Thick yellowish fluid often indicates the presence of a bacterial infection
(peritonitis)
if a large volume of fluid has shifted from the blood into the peritoneal
cavity, how would this affect blood volume and hematocrit? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSBlood volume would be low (hypovolemia), and the hematocrit
level would be elevated.
explain how acute inflammation impairs movement of a joint - CORRECT-
ANSWERSExcessive fluid in the joint cavity and surrounding tissues prevents
further stretching of the tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and skin, as
required for movement.
explain two mechanisms used to increase body temperature as a fever
develops? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe body attempts to increase body
temperature through shiver-increased skeletal muscle activity, peripheral
vasoconstriction, and decreased blood flow and heat loss.
why might a cleint be advised to avoid taking ASA a few days before
extensive oral surgery? (multiple tooth extractions) - CORRECT-
ANSWERSAspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) interferes with blood clotting
(prevents platelet adhesion).
explain why a young child taking prednisone (glucocorticoid) for chronic
kidney inflammation is at high risk for infection and might need prophylactic
antibodies? - CORRECT-ANSWERSPrednisone decreases the immune
response, causes atrophy of lymphoid tissue, decreases the number of
leukocytes, and suppresses the inflammatory response, thus decreasing
resistance to infection.
A. when part of a hear muscle dies, how does it heal?
B. how would the new tissue affect the strength of the heart contraction? -
CORRECT-ANSWERSA. Heart muscle heals through scar tissue. Cardiac
muscle does not regenerate.
B. Scar tissue is nonfunctional and therefore cannot contract; thus, heart
contractions would be weaker.
suggest several reasons why healing is slow in the olderly - CORRECT-
ANSWERSCirculation may be impaired, decreasing the supply of oxygen and
nutrients to the site. The metabolic rate is decreased, slowing protein
synthesis and cell mitosis. Other pathological conditions may interfere with
the supply of nutrients or oxygen. The immune response is decreased,
predisposing the person to infection and delaying healing.
100% VALID ANSWERS
In regards to chromosomal mutation, nondisjunction is known as what? -
CORRECT-ANSWERSFailure of homologous chromosomes to separate during
cell division
What is an example of an autosomal-dominant disease? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSHuntington's disease
What conditions could cause a mild chronic level of respiratory acidosis due
to the lungs never exhaling the CO2 adequately? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSobstructive sleep apnea or extreme obesity
Describe conditions that would lead to a client breathing faster or
hyperventilating, which leads to respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSAcute anxiety or panic attack, pain, fever that tells the body to
breathe faster to increase the oxygen that is needed, gram-negative
septicemia triggering the respiratory center to increase breathing, levels of
mechanical ventilation that are too high, and any state that causes the
metabolism to increase to speed up breathing because more oxygen is
needed.
Describe the symptoms observed with respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdizziness, muscle irritability, anxiety, inability to concentrate,
numbness, dry mouth, diaphoresis, seizures, feelings of faintness, coma
What symptoms are the same for both alkalosis and acidosis? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdizziness, muscle twitching and irritability, disorientation and
confusion, diaphoresis, coma
What would the respiratory rate range be like if you are experiencing
respiratory alkalosis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSit can be as high as 40/minute,
like panting
A. explain why a cast placed around a fractured leg in which extensive tissue
damage has occured might be too tight after after 24 hrs?
,B. explain why such a cast might become loose in 3 weeks - CORRECT-
ANSWERSA. Inflammation related to tissue damage causes increasing edema
for at least 48 hours under the rigid, non-expandable cast.
B. Inflammation has subsided and muscle atrophy has occurred because of
immobility.
list specific reasons why the inflammatory response is considered a body
defense mechanism - CORRECT-ANSWERSPain and visible redness provide
warning of tissue injury. Increased fluid at the site dilutes any toxic material.
Fibrin mesh and leukocytes localize (wall off) the causative agent. Migration
of phagocytic cells, leukocytes, and antibodies (globulins) to the area combat
or destroy the agent, and remove debris in preparation for healing.
A. explain the rationale for each of the following with acute inflammation: (i)
warmth, (ii) fever.
B. state three systemic signs of inflammation - CORRECT-ANSWERSA.
Warmth results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the area; fever
is caused by the release of pyrogens from WBCs.
B. Low-grade fever occurs with increased WBCs, malaise, anorexia, and
headache.
explain why leukocytosis, a differential count, and elevated ESR are useful
data but are of limited value - CORRECT-ANSWERSThey confirm the presence
of inflammation in the body but do not define the specific cause or location
of the problem. In some cases, a differential count is helpful.
A. explain how acute inflammation predisposes to development of infection
B. classify each as inflammation or infection:
(i) sunburn, (ii) skin rash under adhesive tape, (iii) common cold, (iv) red,
swollen eye with purulent exudate - CORRECT-ANSWERSa. The increased
permeability may permit leakage or penetration of toxins or bacteria (e.g.,
through the intestinal wall). Any necrosis breaks the barrier, allowing
microbes to invade. The edema or increased interstitial fluid may impair
arterial flow to an area, leading to ischemia and decreased access of
leukocytes to the site. The exudate provides a nutritious medium for
organisms to reproduce.
b. Inflammation accompanies i and ii; infection is associated with iii and iv.
how does the presence of thick, cloudy, yellowish fluid in the peritoneal
cavity differ from the normal state? - CORRECT-ANSWERSNormal fluid should
be watery, clear, and colorless.
, Thick yellowish fluid often indicates the presence of a bacterial infection
(peritonitis)
if a large volume of fluid has shifted from the blood into the peritoneal
cavity, how would this affect blood volume and hematocrit? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSBlood volume would be low (hypovolemia), and the hematocrit
level would be elevated.
explain how acute inflammation impairs movement of a joint - CORRECT-
ANSWERSExcessive fluid in the joint cavity and surrounding tissues prevents
further stretching of the tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and skin, as
required for movement.
explain two mechanisms used to increase body temperature as a fever
develops? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe body attempts to increase body
temperature through shiver-increased skeletal muscle activity, peripheral
vasoconstriction, and decreased blood flow and heat loss.
why might a cleint be advised to avoid taking ASA a few days before
extensive oral surgery? (multiple tooth extractions) - CORRECT-
ANSWERSAspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) interferes with blood clotting
(prevents platelet adhesion).
explain why a young child taking prednisone (glucocorticoid) for chronic
kidney inflammation is at high risk for infection and might need prophylactic
antibodies? - CORRECT-ANSWERSPrednisone decreases the immune
response, causes atrophy of lymphoid tissue, decreases the number of
leukocytes, and suppresses the inflammatory response, thus decreasing
resistance to infection.
A. when part of a hear muscle dies, how does it heal?
B. how would the new tissue affect the strength of the heart contraction? -
CORRECT-ANSWERSA. Heart muscle heals through scar tissue. Cardiac
muscle does not regenerate.
B. Scar tissue is nonfunctional and therefore cannot contract; thus, heart
contractions would be weaker.
suggest several reasons why healing is slow in the olderly - CORRECT-
ANSWERSCirculation may be impaired, decreasing the supply of oxygen and
nutrients to the site. The metabolic rate is decreased, slowing protein
synthesis and cell mitosis. Other pathological conditions may interfere with
the supply of nutrients or oxygen. The immune response is decreased,
predisposing the person to infection and delaying healing.
