10/16/24, 11:25 Cell bio
AM midterm
Cell Bio Study Guide
Lecture 1
1. Microscopy
* The light microscope
* Fluorescent microscopy - used to target certain antibodies on cells
surfaces that can be stained
* Confocal microscope - used to detect different layers of the cell by using
a fluorescence that shines a small amount of light that will only hit a
certain layer of the specimen
• Collect different z-stacks (zed stacks)
• Usually cells grown on slide rather than flattened
* Transmission Electron Microscopy - section the image and beam electrons at
the
slide which will capture the image on the other side (can get as specific as
seeing DNA (around 50nM)), electrons are brought into focus by magnetic
coils
• Show very detailed resolutions that come in 3D form
2. Evolution Theories
* Symbiotic Processes - An early cell that was transformed into a more
complex cell by engulfing a prokaryotic cell
* Nucleus Evolvement - during phagocytosis, a cell that ate another
through phagocytosis then allowed this cell to further evolve and be
duplicated; recreating DNA
* Endomembrane System - thought to have been evolved form the
engulfed cell which was then a derivation from another cells
membrane
* Mitochondrion Evolvement - thought to have been when a prokaryotic
cell with some form of membrane engulfed a mitochondrion behaving
prokaryote, due to recognizing that this mitochondrion produced
oxygen
• Binary fission occurred
* Carl Woese: rRNA based phylogeny
• Knew all life on earth contained ribosomes since they created
proteins
• Took ribosomal sequences of different cells on earth and
aligned them — also known as the phylogenic analysis
about:bl 1/
,10/16/24, 11:25 Cell bio
AM midterm
Cell Bio Study Guide
• Archaea - seen in extreme climates only
• Both Archaea and bacteria are included in the possible
thesis of the symbiotic effect
- Anaerobic cell engulfed aerobic cell
• Exocytosis and endocytosis processes
Lecture 2
1. Chemical Components of the Cell
* Sugars - polysaccharides, glycogen, starch (plants)
* Fatty Acids - fats and membrane lipids
* Amino Acids - proteins
* Nucleotides - Nucleic Acids
2. Carbohydrates
* Monosaccharides
- different isomers mean different groups/orientations that will
change their overall chemical material
- optical isomers — mirror images
- glycosidic bonds make disaccharides
about:bl 2/
, 10/16/24, 11:25 Cell bio
AM midterm
Cell Bio Study Guide
- condensation reaction: releases water
- hydrolysis reaction: consumes water
* Disaccharides - sucrose = glucose + fructose
* Oligosaccaride- 2-10 monomers
* Polysaccharides - 100s - 1000s of subunits
- simple: made of only glucose
- starch is a polymer and a long term store of glucose only found
in plant cells
- glycogen is a polymer and long term store of glucose only in
animal cells
* Cellular Roles of Carbs
• Quick use (glucose)
• Long term storage (glycogen, starch)
• Mechanical support (cellulose, chitin)
• Glycoproteins and glycolipids
- Intracellular signaling
- Cell surface receptor interactions
- Adhesion
- Protein interactions
3. Lipids and Phospholipids
• Fatty Acids
- hydrophilic carboxylic acid head
- hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
amphipathic :
— behaves as an acid
— reactive
— covalent linkage to other molecules
* Saturated fatty acids
-used in phospholipid membrane due to their compact nature
-Solid at room temperature
✴Unsaturated fatty acids
-double bond formed between carbons in the hydrophobic chain
-results in a kink in the tail
-liquid at room temperature
✴Triacylglycerols - fatty acids stored as energy in cell (fats and
oils) through an ester linkage to glycerol
-they have 6x the energy of sugars
-Broken down into 2-C units like those from glucose breakdown
-form large spherical fat droplet in the cell cytoplasm
✴Phospholipids
-major constituents of cell membranes
-Hydrophilic head
— Contains choline
-phosphoric acid
-Glycerol
-Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
—> two of the OH groups in the glycerol are linked to fatty
acids while the third OH group is linked to phosphoric acid
about:bl 3/
AM midterm
Cell Bio Study Guide
Lecture 1
1. Microscopy
* The light microscope
* Fluorescent microscopy - used to target certain antibodies on cells
surfaces that can be stained
* Confocal microscope - used to detect different layers of the cell by using
a fluorescence that shines a small amount of light that will only hit a
certain layer of the specimen
• Collect different z-stacks (zed stacks)
• Usually cells grown on slide rather than flattened
* Transmission Electron Microscopy - section the image and beam electrons at
the
slide which will capture the image on the other side (can get as specific as
seeing DNA (around 50nM)), electrons are brought into focus by magnetic
coils
• Show very detailed resolutions that come in 3D form
2. Evolution Theories
* Symbiotic Processes - An early cell that was transformed into a more
complex cell by engulfing a prokaryotic cell
* Nucleus Evolvement - during phagocytosis, a cell that ate another
through phagocytosis then allowed this cell to further evolve and be
duplicated; recreating DNA
* Endomembrane System - thought to have been evolved form the
engulfed cell which was then a derivation from another cells
membrane
* Mitochondrion Evolvement - thought to have been when a prokaryotic
cell with some form of membrane engulfed a mitochondrion behaving
prokaryote, due to recognizing that this mitochondrion produced
oxygen
• Binary fission occurred
* Carl Woese: rRNA based phylogeny
• Knew all life on earth contained ribosomes since they created
proteins
• Took ribosomal sequences of different cells on earth and
aligned them — also known as the phylogenic analysis
about:bl 1/
,10/16/24, 11:25 Cell bio
AM midterm
Cell Bio Study Guide
• Archaea - seen in extreme climates only
• Both Archaea and bacteria are included in the possible
thesis of the symbiotic effect
- Anaerobic cell engulfed aerobic cell
• Exocytosis and endocytosis processes
Lecture 2
1. Chemical Components of the Cell
* Sugars - polysaccharides, glycogen, starch (plants)
* Fatty Acids - fats and membrane lipids
* Amino Acids - proteins
* Nucleotides - Nucleic Acids
2. Carbohydrates
* Monosaccharides
- different isomers mean different groups/orientations that will
change their overall chemical material
- optical isomers — mirror images
- glycosidic bonds make disaccharides
about:bl 2/
, 10/16/24, 11:25 Cell bio
AM midterm
Cell Bio Study Guide
- condensation reaction: releases water
- hydrolysis reaction: consumes water
* Disaccharides - sucrose = glucose + fructose
* Oligosaccaride- 2-10 monomers
* Polysaccharides - 100s - 1000s of subunits
- simple: made of only glucose
- starch is a polymer and a long term store of glucose only found
in plant cells
- glycogen is a polymer and long term store of glucose only in
animal cells
* Cellular Roles of Carbs
• Quick use (glucose)
• Long term storage (glycogen, starch)
• Mechanical support (cellulose, chitin)
• Glycoproteins and glycolipids
- Intracellular signaling
- Cell surface receptor interactions
- Adhesion
- Protein interactions
3. Lipids and Phospholipids
• Fatty Acids
- hydrophilic carboxylic acid head
- hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
amphipathic :
— behaves as an acid
— reactive
— covalent linkage to other molecules
* Saturated fatty acids
-used in phospholipid membrane due to their compact nature
-Solid at room temperature
✴Unsaturated fatty acids
-double bond formed between carbons in the hydrophobic chain
-results in a kink in the tail
-liquid at room temperature
✴Triacylglycerols - fatty acids stored as energy in cell (fats and
oils) through an ester linkage to glycerol
-they have 6x the energy of sugars
-Broken down into 2-C units like those from glucose breakdown
-form large spherical fat droplet in the cell cytoplasm
✴Phospholipids
-major constituents of cell membranes
-Hydrophilic head
— Contains choline
-phosphoric acid
-Glycerol
-Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
—> two of the OH groups in the glycerol are linked to fatty
acids while the third OH group is linked to phosphoric acid
about:bl 3/
