ATP
Adenosine triphosphate. The energy currency of the cell.
Endomembrane System
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical
contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
oxidation
Loss of electrons
reduction
Any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen)
exergonic
A reaction that results in the release of free energy
endergonic
A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
protons move down their gradient through ATP synthase channels back into the matrix, and ADP is
phosphorylated to ATP
domain eukarya
Kingdom (Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
domain protista
eukaryotes, unicellular, vary in size, usully microscopic
,domain bacteria
All single celled prokaryotic
valence
The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom; these are the electrons involved in
forming bonds.
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
atomic weight
Mass of a single atom/= to the # of protons plus the # of neutrons in the nucleus (p+n)
properties of water
Adhesive, Cohesive, Retains Heat, surface tension, good solvent
pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0
to 14
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
covalent bonds
Bonds that require SHARING of electrons
electronegativity
Atom's ability to attract and hold electrons.
, polar covalent bonds
Bonds in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms of different elements in a compound
ionic bonds
Bonds that require DONATING and ACCEPTING electron
hydrogen bonds
Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in
another molecule
carbohydrate
Broken down to simple sugars, building block of monosaccharides.
protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
Structure is held together by covalent bonds such as: peptide bonds, which are made during the process
of protein biosynthesis or translation.
lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. Relatively insoluble in water. Only soluble in ether because it is non polar.
2 kinds:
triglycerides: glycerol backbone, bonded to 3 fatty acids.
phospholipids: contain glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acids. Has a low molecular weight .Ex: Alcohol
triglycerides
3 Carbon chain double bonded to eachother with 3 double bonds attached, so it's 1 glycerol and 3 fatty
acids
sterols
Adenosine triphosphate. The energy currency of the cell.
Endomembrane System
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical
contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
oxidation
Loss of electrons
reduction
Any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen)
exergonic
A reaction that results in the release of free energy
endergonic
A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
protons move down their gradient through ATP synthase channels back into the matrix, and ADP is
phosphorylated to ATP
domain eukarya
Kingdom (Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
domain protista
eukaryotes, unicellular, vary in size, usully microscopic
,domain bacteria
All single celled prokaryotic
valence
The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom; these are the electrons involved in
forming bonds.
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
atomic weight
Mass of a single atom/= to the # of protons plus the # of neutrons in the nucleus (p+n)
properties of water
Adhesive, Cohesive, Retains Heat, surface tension, good solvent
pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0
to 14
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
covalent bonds
Bonds that require SHARING of electrons
electronegativity
Atom's ability to attract and hold electrons.
, polar covalent bonds
Bonds in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms of different elements in a compound
ionic bonds
Bonds that require DONATING and ACCEPTING electron
hydrogen bonds
Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in
another molecule
carbohydrate
Broken down to simple sugars, building block of monosaccharides.
protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
Structure is held together by covalent bonds such as: peptide bonds, which are made during the process
of protein biosynthesis or translation.
lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. Relatively insoluble in water. Only soluble in ether because it is non polar.
2 kinds:
triglycerides: glycerol backbone, bonded to 3 fatty acids.
phospholipids: contain glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acids. Has a low molecular weight .Ex: Alcohol
triglycerides
3 Carbon chain double bonded to eachother with 3 double bonds attached, so it's 1 glycerol and 3 fatty
acids
sterols
