PSY100 Test 1 | University of Toronto
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Science - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The use of systematic observation to acquire
knowledge.
Systematic observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The careful observation of the natural
world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide basic data that allow
scientists to track, tally, and organize information about the natural world.
Naturalistic Observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Passive observation. Observers do not
change or alter ongoing behaviour (at least not intentionally)
Empirical methods - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual
measurement and observation.
Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A logical idea that can be tested.
Theories - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Groups of closely related phenomena or observations.
Francis Galton - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A pioneering psychological researcher in the
late 1800s who in his research with twins, coined the term "nature vs. nurture."
Ethics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template
for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer
scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the
integrity of their research.
Aspects of an ethical experiment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- I Can't Protect Ugly Dogs
1. Informed consent
,2. Confidentiality
3. Privacy
4. Understanding of risks and benefits
5. Debriefing
Goal attainment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- You are more likely to attain a promotion goal
(a goal to attain a positive outcome) rather than a prevention goal (a goal to prevent an
unwanted outcome). Also more likely to attain an intrinsic goal (a goal dependent on
yourself) than an extrinsic goal (a goal dependent on someone else, ie. your mom being
proud).
Mental contrasting - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Comparing what is different in your future
that allows your goals to be realized. What are the negative things about your present reality
blocking you from attaining the goal? Don't just think about the negative present, focus on
the positive future as well.
Implementation intentions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- In goal setting, you have to think if x
happens I will do y. This way you will not be derailed by obstacles because you've already
thought about how to deal with them.
Wilhelm Wundt - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Introduced structuralism, which uses
introspection to connect components of the mind. Established first psychology laboratory at
the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Invented the "thought meter", reflecting the
beginning of empiricism in psychology.
Edward Titchener - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A student of Wundt and the father of
structuralism, the idea that the human mind could be broken down into certain elements. He
believed if we understood conscious experience separately- feelings, thoughts, etc, then we'd
understand the mind as a whole. Focused on describing what happens in the minds of
individuals.
Structuralism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- An early school of psychology that used
introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
, Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A school of psychology that focused on how our
mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Its biggest proponent was William James, who was heavily influenced by Darwin.
Gestalt theory - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Rejected structuralism, arguing that we should
look at the mind as a whole because the whole of personal experience is different from
simply the sum of its constituent elements. Gestalt experiments show that the brain is not a
passive receiver of information, it actively filters incoming information to make sense of it.
William James - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Founder of functionalism; studied how humans
use perception to function in our environment. Helped develop a theory of emotion.
Behaviourism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Believed that the mind is a black box we cannot
understand, and thus psychologists should only be interested in observable behavior. Its two
biggest proponents were John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Cognitive Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- (1950s-60s) Psychogists began to reject
behaviourism and focus on cognitive psychology and social psychology. Behaviour began to
be explained by the mind.
Decade of the Brain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- (90s-) New emphasis on the brain itself,
and understanding the brain's impact on behaviour. (Ex. fMRI machines)
Biopsychosocial model - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Idea that behaviour is a product of
biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, all of which can interact and influence
one another.
Clever Hans - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A horse capable of answering questions from
humans. After investigation, it was realized that the horse picked up on small cues from
people asking it questions in order to provide the correct answer.
Reactivity - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- How behaviour changes when you know you're
being watched.
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Science - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The use of systematic observation to acquire
knowledge.
Systematic observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The careful observation of the natural
world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide basic data that allow
scientists to track, tally, and organize information about the natural world.
Naturalistic Observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Passive observation. Observers do not
change or alter ongoing behaviour (at least not intentionally)
Empirical methods - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual
measurement and observation.
Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A logical idea that can be tested.
Theories - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Groups of closely related phenomena or observations.
Francis Galton - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A pioneering psychological researcher in the
late 1800s who in his research with twins, coined the term "nature vs. nurture."
Ethics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template
for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer
scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the
integrity of their research.
Aspects of an ethical experiment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- I Can't Protect Ugly Dogs
1. Informed consent
,2. Confidentiality
3. Privacy
4. Understanding of risks and benefits
5. Debriefing
Goal attainment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- You are more likely to attain a promotion goal
(a goal to attain a positive outcome) rather than a prevention goal (a goal to prevent an
unwanted outcome). Also more likely to attain an intrinsic goal (a goal dependent on
yourself) than an extrinsic goal (a goal dependent on someone else, ie. your mom being
proud).
Mental contrasting - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Comparing what is different in your future
that allows your goals to be realized. What are the negative things about your present reality
blocking you from attaining the goal? Don't just think about the negative present, focus on
the positive future as well.
Implementation intentions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- In goal setting, you have to think if x
happens I will do y. This way you will not be derailed by obstacles because you've already
thought about how to deal with them.
Wilhelm Wundt - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Introduced structuralism, which uses
introspection to connect components of the mind. Established first psychology laboratory at
the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Invented the "thought meter", reflecting the
beginning of empiricism in psychology.
Edward Titchener - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A student of Wundt and the father of
structuralism, the idea that the human mind could be broken down into certain elements. He
believed if we understood conscious experience separately- feelings, thoughts, etc, then we'd
understand the mind as a whole. Focused on describing what happens in the minds of
individuals.
Structuralism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- An early school of psychology that used
introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
, Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A school of psychology that focused on how our
mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Its biggest proponent was William James, who was heavily influenced by Darwin.
Gestalt theory - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Rejected structuralism, arguing that we should
look at the mind as a whole because the whole of personal experience is different from
simply the sum of its constituent elements. Gestalt experiments show that the brain is not a
passive receiver of information, it actively filters incoming information to make sense of it.
William James - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Founder of functionalism; studied how humans
use perception to function in our environment. Helped develop a theory of emotion.
Behaviourism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Believed that the mind is a black box we cannot
understand, and thus psychologists should only be interested in observable behavior. Its two
biggest proponents were John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Cognitive Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- (1950s-60s) Psychogists began to reject
behaviourism and focus on cognitive psychology and social psychology. Behaviour began to
be explained by the mind.
Decade of the Brain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- (90s-) New emphasis on the brain itself,
and understanding the brain's impact on behaviour. (Ex. fMRI machines)
Biopsychosocial model - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Idea that behaviour is a product of
biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, all of which can interact and influence
one another.
Clever Hans - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- A horse capable of answering questions from
humans. After investigation, it was realized that the horse picked up on small cues from
people asking it questions in order to provide the correct answer.
Reactivity - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- How behaviour changes when you know you're
being watched.
