CRNA Board Questions And 100% Correct Answers
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP):
1. decreases dead space
2.increases venous return to the heart
3. decreases intrapulmonary shunting
4. decreases extravascular lung water
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP): decreases intrapulmonary shunting
The major effect of PEEP is to increase FRC and tidal ventilation above the closing
capacity. This results in a decrease in intrapulmonary shunting. Neither PEEP or CPAP
decrease extravascular lung water. By increasing intrathoracic pressure, PEEP
decreases venous return to the heart.
The below is the crucial constituent of cardioplegias solutions:
1. mannitol 2. magnesium 3. potassium 4. corticosteroid
Correct answer : potassium
Cardioplegia solutions use high levels of potassium, 20 - 30 mEq/L. These solutions
lower transmembrane potential through the dissipation of extracellular potassium. This
progressively interferes with the normal sodium currents of depolarization and
eventually the sodium channels are entirely inactivated.
p. 1092Barash, PG, Cullen, BF, Stoelting, RK, Cahalan, MK, Stock, MC, Ortega,
R.,Sharar, SR, and Holt, NF. Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2017.
6 Ways to Show Appreciation for Your Child's Teacher
Forms of mechanical ventilation that generate tidal volumes at or less than anatomic
,dead space include: (Select 2)
1. high-frequency oscillation
2. inverse I:E ratio ventilation
3. airway pressure release ventilation
4. differential lung ventilation
5. high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation
6. pressure support ventilation
Kinds of mechanical ventilation, which produce tidal volumes at or below anatomic dead
space, include the following: high-frequency oscillation, high-frequency
positive-pressure ventilation
High-frequency oscillation (HFO) creates a to-and-fro gas movement in the airway at
rates of 400 - 2400 times/min. High frequency positive-pressure ventilation is delivered
at a rate of 60 - 120 breaths/min. Tidal volume is at or below anatomic dead space.
High-frequency ventilation techniques may be useful in cases of bronchopleural and
tracheoesophageal fistulas.
pg. 1062Barash, PG, Cullen, BF, Stoelting, RK, Cahalan, MK, Stock, MC, Ortega,
R.,Sharar, SR, and Holt, NF. Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2017.
,During rapid-sequence induction, cricoid pressure is applied to decrease the incidence
of regurgitation. After the loss of consciousness, the recommended amount of
downward force on the cricoid cartilage is:(Answer in numerical form.)
3.0 - 4.4 kg
Using cricoid yolk studies, the optimal force required to occlude the esophagus
effectively, without occlusion of the trachea has range between 30 and 44 Newtons (3.0
- 4.4 kg). It has been suggested that 2 kg of force be applied before loss of
consciousness and increased pressure to 4 kg of force after loss of consciousness.
pg. 420Nagelhout, JJ, Elisha, S. Nurse Anesthesia. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2018.
Changes found in banked blood include: (Select 2)
1. increased amounts of 2,3-DPG
2. left shift of the hemoglobin dissociation curve
3. decreased amounts of potassium
4. microaggregate formation
5. alkalemia from presence of citrate
6. increased intracellular stores of ATP
, 7. thrombocytosis
Changes found in banked blood include: (Select 2) a left shift of the hemoglobin
dissociation curve, formation of microaggregates
Changes occurring in banked blood include:
2,3-DPG depletion
Intracellular ATP depletion
Oxidative damage
Increased adhesion to vascular endothelium
Altered cell morphology
Accumulation of microaggregates
Hyperkalemia-high as 17.2 mEq/L
Absence of platelets-after 2 days of storage
Hemolysis
Accumulation of proinflammatory products
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP):
1. decreases dead space
2.increases venous return to the heart
3. decreases intrapulmonary shunting
4. decreases extravascular lung water
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP): decreases intrapulmonary shunting
The major effect of PEEP is to increase FRC and tidal ventilation above the closing
capacity. This results in a decrease in intrapulmonary shunting. Neither PEEP or CPAP
decrease extravascular lung water. By increasing intrathoracic pressure, PEEP
decreases venous return to the heart.
The below is the crucial constituent of cardioplegias solutions:
1. mannitol 2. magnesium 3. potassium 4. corticosteroid
Correct answer : potassium
Cardioplegia solutions use high levels of potassium, 20 - 30 mEq/L. These solutions
lower transmembrane potential through the dissipation of extracellular potassium. This
progressively interferes with the normal sodium currents of depolarization and
eventually the sodium channels are entirely inactivated.
p. 1092Barash, PG, Cullen, BF, Stoelting, RK, Cahalan, MK, Stock, MC, Ortega,
R.,Sharar, SR, and Holt, NF. Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2017.
6 Ways to Show Appreciation for Your Child's Teacher
Forms of mechanical ventilation that generate tidal volumes at or less than anatomic
,dead space include: (Select 2)
1. high-frequency oscillation
2. inverse I:E ratio ventilation
3. airway pressure release ventilation
4. differential lung ventilation
5. high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation
6. pressure support ventilation
Kinds of mechanical ventilation, which produce tidal volumes at or below anatomic dead
space, include the following: high-frequency oscillation, high-frequency
positive-pressure ventilation
High-frequency oscillation (HFO) creates a to-and-fro gas movement in the airway at
rates of 400 - 2400 times/min. High frequency positive-pressure ventilation is delivered
at a rate of 60 - 120 breaths/min. Tidal volume is at or below anatomic dead space.
High-frequency ventilation techniques may be useful in cases of bronchopleural and
tracheoesophageal fistulas.
pg. 1062Barash, PG, Cullen, BF, Stoelting, RK, Cahalan, MK, Stock, MC, Ortega,
R.,Sharar, SR, and Holt, NF. Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2017.
,During rapid-sequence induction, cricoid pressure is applied to decrease the incidence
of regurgitation. After the loss of consciousness, the recommended amount of
downward force on the cricoid cartilage is:(Answer in numerical form.)
3.0 - 4.4 kg
Using cricoid yolk studies, the optimal force required to occlude the esophagus
effectively, without occlusion of the trachea has range between 30 and 44 Newtons (3.0
- 4.4 kg). It has been suggested that 2 kg of force be applied before loss of
consciousness and increased pressure to 4 kg of force after loss of consciousness.
pg. 420Nagelhout, JJ, Elisha, S. Nurse Anesthesia. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2018.
Changes found in banked blood include: (Select 2)
1. increased amounts of 2,3-DPG
2. left shift of the hemoglobin dissociation curve
3. decreased amounts of potassium
4. microaggregate formation
5. alkalemia from presence of citrate
6. increased intracellular stores of ATP
, 7. thrombocytosis
Changes found in banked blood include: (Select 2) a left shift of the hemoglobin
dissociation curve, formation of microaggregates
Changes occurring in banked blood include:
2,3-DPG depletion
Intracellular ATP depletion
Oxidative damage
Increased adhesion to vascular endothelium
Altered cell morphology
Accumulation of microaggregates
Hyperkalemia-high as 17.2 mEq/L
Absence of platelets-after 2 days of storage
Hemolysis
Accumulation of proinflammatory products
