NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide Exam
2024
Prodrug - ANSWER An inactive drug dosage form that is
converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions
once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - ANSWER the rate at and the extent to which a
nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - ANSWER stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being
eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - ANSWER the fact that a medication in the GI tract
passes through the liver before entering other organs
does not - ANSWER bioequivalence does/does not affect
bioavailability
,Bioequivalence - ANSWER relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - ANSWER -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - ANSWER -enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of
endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and
statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs
that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is
competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - ANSWER An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of
the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - ANSWER An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of
the substrate.
Clopidogrel - ANSWER prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not
form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - ANSWER how often a drug is administered
4-5 - ANSWER steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - ANSWER -Vitamin K antagonist
, -Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - ANSWER warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - ANSWER -rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - ANSWER direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - ANSWER -directly into systemic
circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid
absorption, unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - ANSWER -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak,
longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - ANSWER -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as polyethene
glycol (simple diffusion)
SQ - ANSWER -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and necrosis
ID - ANSWER -diagnostic determination and allergy sensitivity
inhalation - ANSWER -drug effects as rapid as IV bolus
2024
Prodrug - ANSWER An inactive drug dosage form that is
converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions
once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - ANSWER the rate at and the extent to which a
nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - ANSWER stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being
eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - ANSWER the fact that a medication in the GI tract
passes through the liver before entering other organs
does not - ANSWER bioequivalence does/does not affect
bioavailability
,Bioequivalence - ANSWER relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - ANSWER -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - ANSWER -enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of
endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and
statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs
that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is
competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - ANSWER An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of
the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - ANSWER An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of
the substrate.
Clopidogrel - ANSWER prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not
form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - ANSWER how often a drug is administered
4-5 - ANSWER steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - ANSWER -Vitamin K antagonist
, -Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - ANSWER warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - ANSWER -rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - ANSWER direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - ANSWER -directly into systemic
circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid
absorption, unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - ANSWER -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak,
longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - ANSWER -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as polyethene
glycol (simple diffusion)
SQ - ANSWER -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and necrosis
ID - ANSWER -diagnostic determination and allergy sensitivity
inhalation - ANSWER -drug effects as rapid as IV bolus
