Instructor Manual for A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th Edition By Patrick Hurley

Exercise 1.1 l




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Exercise Answers l




Chapter 1 l




Exercise1.1 l



Part I
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1. P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen to
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have just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within hemoglobin
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molecules in blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules.
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C: Carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
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2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person's real interests. C:
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In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it.
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3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any other
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manner, is with reason classed among the just causes of war.
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C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other
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countries are concerned.
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4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in it
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that they might have had.
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C: A warrantless search and seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under the Fourth
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Amendment. l




5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order.
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P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images. P3
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lScientists try to find relationships between different objects and events. l l l l l l l l l




P4: To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories.
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C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature.
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6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland.
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P2: Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in contact in the
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last several million years.
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C: There was never a land bridge between Australia and the mainland
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7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories.
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P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better after a good
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night’s sleep. l l



P3: Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving.
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C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep.
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.
1

, Exercise 1.1 l




8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the average
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student. l



P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort.
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C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all levels,
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including the superintendent.
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9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they are doing and
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freely choose to do it.
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C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose exactly
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what the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are.
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10. P1: Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior. P2:
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Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alternatives.
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C: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model and reinforce appropriate behavior that the
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person can use in place of the unacceptable response that has to be suppressed.
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11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry.
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P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to enter the
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industry in the long run.
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P3: For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater efficiency.
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C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free enterprise economy, such as our own.
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12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor's doghouse, trapping their
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sleeping Doberman inside.
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P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him--he'll glare at you and say, "I don't
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think so. You should have gotten a dog." C: l l l l l l l l



Cats can think circles around dogs.
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13. P1: Private property helps people define themselves.
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P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence. P3:
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Private property is finite.
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C: No individual should accumulate so much property that others are prevented from
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accumulating the necessities of life.
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14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good.
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P2: To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing. C: It
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is manifest that God loves everything that exists.
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15. P1: The average working man can support no more than two children.
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P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent fashion.
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.
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, Exercise 1.1 l




C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than two
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children at most.
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16. P1: The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive power equal to
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more than a million Hiroshima bombs.
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P2: Studies suggest that explosion of only half these weapons would produce enough soot,
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smoke, and dust to blanket the Earth, block out the sun, and bring on a nuclear winter that
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would threaten the survival of the human race.
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C: Radioactive fallout isn't the only concern in the aftermath of nuclear explosions.
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17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the compost heap.
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P2: A healthy ant painted with the death chemical will be dragged to the funeral heap again
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and again. l



C: Apparently the communication is highly effective.
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18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at
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some good. l l



C: The good has been rightly declared to be that at which all things aim.
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19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle-class professionals in social work,
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penology and public health.
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P2: Such workers' future advancement is tied to the continued growth of bureaucracies
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dependent on the existence of poverty. l l l l l



C: Poverty offers numerous benefits to the non-poor.
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20. P1: Corn is an annual crop.
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P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow.
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P3: An acre of land will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food (meat) than the
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other. l



C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat) must be compensated by the superiority of the
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price.

21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend. P2:
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Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. C:
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Neither a borrower nor lender be.
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22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital through
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unnecessary surgery.
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P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of new
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rapid-transit vehicles. l



P3: Take the Defense Department official who alerts Congress to military graft and overspending.
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P4: All know that they pose a threat to those whom they denounce and that their own careers
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may be at risk. l l l




.
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, Exercise 1.1 l




C: The stakes in whistleblowing are high.
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23. P1: If a piece of information is not "job relevant," then the employer is not entitled qua
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employer to know it.
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P2: Sexual practices, political beliefs, associational activities, etc., are not part of the
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description of most jobs l l l



P3: They do not directly affect one's job performance.
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C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination of the hiring
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of a job applicant.
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24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin.
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P2: The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most worrisome, it plays a
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role in skin cancer.
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C: Too much sun can lead to health problems.
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25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the shark is
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simply avoiding suffocation.
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P2: This assures a continuous flow of oxygen-laden water into their mouths, over their gills,
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and out through the gill slits. l l l l l



C: Contrary to the tales of some scuba divers, the toothsome, gaping grin on the mouth of an
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approaching shark is not necessarily anticipatory.
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26. P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, one lens of a pair of Polaroid sunglasses) in front
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of your eye and rotate it as you look at the sky on a clear day, you will notice a change in light
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intensity with the orientation of the Polaroid.
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C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized.
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27. P1: The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and is not
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received from any star or from the sun.
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P2: In the whole universe there is no other body left but the earth.
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C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunless orb) is illuminated by the earth.
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28. P1: Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who behave little
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better than brute beasts.
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P2: If the death penalty had been truly effective as a deterrent, such prisoners would long ago
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have vanished. l



C: The very fact that these prisoners exist is a telling argument against the efficacy of capital
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punishment as a deterrent.
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29. P1: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM pressure
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increases with deprivation.
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P2: This would not occur if REM sleep and dreaming were unimportant.
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C: REM sleep and dreaming are necessary in the adult.
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