HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM (2024-2025)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
humoral immunity - <<answers>>specific immunity that
provides protection from infection by antibodies
cell-mediated immunity - <<answers>>specific immunity that
provides protection against infection using activated
lymphocytes.
T Lymphocytes - <<answers>>responsible for cell-mediated
immunity & are processed by the thymus gland
B Lymphocytes - <<answers>>responsible for Humoral
immunity; highly specific for one type of antigen;
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies in cell-mediated
immunity
Battle's sign - <<answers>>bruising behind the ears;
associated with basilar fractures, otorrhea
Basilar Skull Fracture - <<answers>>a fracture of the bones
of the floor of the cranial vault; results from a massive insult
to the cranium where the head is struck anteriorly/laterally in
the midportion; Raccoon's eyes, Battle's sign, CSF leakage
, HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM (2024-2025)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
nuchal rigidity - <<answers>>impaired neck flexion resulting
from muscle spasm (not actual rigidity) of the extensor
muscles of the neck; usually attributed to meningeal irritation
panhypopituitarism - <<answers>>A state in which the
secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones is inadequate or
absent; caused by a variety of disorders that result in
destruction or loss of function of all or most of the anterior
pituitary gland
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) -
<<answers>>therapeutic procedure in which an electrical
impulse is induced in the large nerve fibers that carry nonpain
information, using TENS pads, to block or reduce the
transmission of painful impulses.
Epilepsy (seizure disorder) - <<answers>>chronic brain
disorder, characterized by sudden episodes of abnormal
intense electrical activity in the brain, which result in seizure
activity; anticonvulsant; may be banned from driving
absence (petit mal) seizures/epilepsy - <<answers>>consist of
a brief change in the level of consciousness indicated by
blinking, staring, or blankly staring with loss of awareness;
episodes last only a few seconds & can occur many times a
day; "little seizures"
, HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM (2024-2025)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
Tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal epilepsy) -
<<answers>>may begin with a loud cry, followed by fainting;
the body stiffens & tongue may be bitten, generalized muscle
spasms followed by relaxation; 1-2 min; "grand seizures"
Status epilepticus - <<answers>>when one seizure follows
another with no recovery of consciousness in between;
medical emergency & requires anticonvulsant therapy
cerebral anorexia - <<answers>>oxygen deprivation to the
brain
Huntington's Chorea (Huntington's disease) -
<<answers>>hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral
cortex & basal ganglia; progressive atrophy of the brain
occurs; insidious, middle-age; progressive, from fidgets to
dementia; no cure, institutionalization
vascular collapse - <<answers>>general or specific failure of
the circulation, either cardiac or peripheral in nature; can be
caused by shock or trauma
plasma cells - <<answers>>transform from B Lymphocytes;
divide rapidly and produce a large number of antibodies,
which are secreted into the lymph & circulated
, HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM (2024-2025)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
immunoglobins (Ig) - <<answers>>these antibodies are
plasma proteins, which are gamma globulins; antibodies
IgG - <<answers>>neutralizes toxins & viruses
IgM - <<answers>>protects newborns
IgA - <<answers>>offers localized protection at mucosal
surfaces
IgE - <<answers>>involved in allergy
IgD - <<answers>>activates B lymphocytes
Cytotoxic (CD8) T Lymphocytes - <<answers>>aka-killer T
cells; capable of killing invading organisms. they have
receptor proteins that bind tightly to specific antigens & then
release poison into the pathogen
Helper (CD4) T Lymphocytes - <<answers>>help the
immune system in many ways; increase the activity of killer T
cells & stimulate B cells; secrete lymphokines that increase
lymphoid response to the antigen & activate macrophages
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
humoral immunity - <<answers>>specific immunity that
provides protection from infection by antibodies
cell-mediated immunity - <<answers>>specific immunity that
provides protection against infection using activated
lymphocytes.
T Lymphocytes - <<answers>>responsible for cell-mediated
immunity & are processed by the thymus gland
B Lymphocytes - <<answers>>responsible for Humoral
immunity; highly specific for one type of antigen;
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies in cell-mediated
immunity
Battle's sign - <<answers>>bruising behind the ears;
associated with basilar fractures, otorrhea
Basilar Skull Fracture - <<answers>>a fracture of the bones
of the floor of the cranial vault; results from a massive insult
to the cranium where the head is struck anteriorly/laterally in
the midportion; Raccoon's eyes, Battle's sign, CSF leakage
, HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM (2024-2025)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
nuchal rigidity - <<answers>>impaired neck flexion resulting
from muscle spasm (not actual rigidity) of the extensor
muscles of the neck; usually attributed to meningeal irritation
panhypopituitarism - <<answers>>A state in which the
secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones is inadequate or
absent; caused by a variety of disorders that result in
destruction or loss of function of all or most of the anterior
pituitary gland
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) -
<<answers>>therapeutic procedure in which an electrical
impulse is induced in the large nerve fibers that carry nonpain
information, using TENS pads, to block or reduce the
transmission of painful impulses.
Epilepsy (seizure disorder) - <<answers>>chronic brain
disorder, characterized by sudden episodes of abnormal
intense electrical activity in the brain, which result in seizure
activity; anticonvulsant; may be banned from driving
absence (petit mal) seizures/epilepsy - <<answers>>consist of
a brief change in the level of consciousness indicated by
blinking, staring, or blankly staring with loss of awareness;
episodes last only a few seconds & can occur many times a
day; "little seizures"
, HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM (2024-2025)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
Tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal epilepsy) -
<<answers>>may begin with a loud cry, followed by fainting;
the body stiffens & tongue may be bitten, generalized muscle
spasms followed by relaxation; 1-2 min; "grand seizures"
Status epilepticus - <<answers>>when one seizure follows
another with no recovery of consciousness in between;
medical emergency & requires anticonvulsant therapy
cerebral anorexia - <<answers>>oxygen deprivation to the
brain
Huntington's Chorea (Huntington's disease) -
<<answers>>hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral
cortex & basal ganglia; progressive atrophy of the brain
occurs; insidious, middle-age; progressive, from fidgets to
dementia; no cure, institutionalization
vascular collapse - <<answers>>general or specific failure of
the circulation, either cardiac or peripheral in nature; can be
caused by shock or trauma
plasma cells - <<answers>>transform from B Lymphocytes;
divide rapidly and produce a large number of antibodies,
which are secreted into the lymph & circulated
, HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM (2024-2025)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
immunoglobins (Ig) - <<answers>>these antibodies are
plasma proteins, which are gamma globulins; antibodies
IgG - <<answers>>neutralizes toxins & viruses
IgM - <<answers>>protects newborns
IgA - <<answers>>offers localized protection at mucosal
surfaces
IgE - <<answers>>involved in allergy
IgD - <<answers>>activates B lymphocytes
Cytotoxic (CD8) T Lymphocytes - <<answers>>aka-killer T
cells; capable of killing invading organisms. they have
receptor proteins that bind tightly to specific antigens & then
release poison into the pathogen
Helper (CD4) T Lymphocytes - <<answers>>help the
immune system in many ways; increase the activity of killer T
cells & stimulate B cells; secrete lymphokines that increase
lymphoid response to the antigen & activate macrophages
