KIN 147 SJSU Final questions and
answers
Sagittal✔✔Cuts body into right and left halves, forward and backward movements
Frontal✔✔Cuts the body into front and back halves, side to side movements
Transverse✔✔Cuts the body into top and bottom halves, twisting (rotational
movements)
Flexion and Extension✔✔Sagittal
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion✔✔Sagittal
Abduction and Adduction✔✔Frontal
Lateral Flexion✔✔Frontal
Radial and Ulnar deviation✔✔Frontal
Elevation and Depression✔✔Frontal
Eversion and Inversion✔✔Frontal
Medial and Lateral Rotation (Hip)✔✔Transverse
Pronation and Supination✔✔Transverse
Horizontal Abduction and Adduction✔✔Transverse
Muscle Function✔✔Contractibility, responsible for nearly all of body's movement
Ways to assess muscle function✔✔Strength Testing, MMT, Dynamometry, EMG
Manual Muscle Testing✔✔Used to determine the extent of muscular weakness as
the result of disuse, injury, or disease
Ways to test MMT✔✔Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric
MMT Grading✔✔0-5, can be done isometrically or through Active ROM
MMT 0✔✔None, No visible or palpable contraction
MMT 1✔✔Trace, Visible or palpable contraction with no motion
, MMT 2✔✔Poor, Full ROM gravity eliminated
MMT 3✔✔Fair, Full ROM against gravity
MMT 4✔✔Good, Full ROM against gravity with moderate resistance
MMT 5✔✔Normal, Full ROM against gravity, maximal resistance
Length-Tension Relationship✔✔relationship between muscle length and the force
the muscle can produce at that length
MMT, patient positioning✔✔Muscle is generally placed at optimum muscle length-
tension relationship, allows patient to produce peak muscle force
Torque✔✔Force * Moment Arm, dependent on the magnitude of the force and the
distance from the axis of rotation,
Muscle Torque✔✔Muscle force * Muscle moment arm
Resistance Torque✔✔Resistance force * Resistance Moment Arm
Dynamometry✔✔The measurement of force expended or power, especially
muscular effort or strength
Types of Dynamometry✔✔Handheld, Isokinetic, Biodex
Dynamometry Isometric✔✔Push against immobile resistance, most common
Dynamometry Concentric✔✔Push against resistance, speed not consistent
Dynamometry Eccentric✔✔Push against resistance, resistance wins
Dynamometry Isokinetic✔✔Push against resistance at constant speed
Dynamometry measures✔✔Peak force, average force, power, time to force peak or
decline
Pros of Handheld Dynamometry✔✔Cheap, easy to perform, quick in clinic
Pros of Isokinetic Dynamometry✔✔Gold standard in accuracy, can compare
between subjects, multiple measurement modes, can measure any joint, not reliant
on tester strength
Limits of ROM✔✔Muscle tightness, Tendon stiffness, Ligament stiffness, other
tissues, injury
Goniometer components✔✔Axis of rotation, stationary arm, moving arm
answers
Sagittal✔✔Cuts body into right and left halves, forward and backward movements
Frontal✔✔Cuts the body into front and back halves, side to side movements
Transverse✔✔Cuts the body into top and bottom halves, twisting (rotational
movements)
Flexion and Extension✔✔Sagittal
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion✔✔Sagittal
Abduction and Adduction✔✔Frontal
Lateral Flexion✔✔Frontal
Radial and Ulnar deviation✔✔Frontal
Elevation and Depression✔✔Frontal
Eversion and Inversion✔✔Frontal
Medial and Lateral Rotation (Hip)✔✔Transverse
Pronation and Supination✔✔Transverse
Horizontal Abduction and Adduction✔✔Transverse
Muscle Function✔✔Contractibility, responsible for nearly all of body's movement
Ways to assess muscle function✔✔Strength Testing, MMT, Dynamometry, EMG
Manual Muscle Testing✔✔Used to determine the extent of muscular weakness as
the result of disuse, injury, or disease
Ways to test MMT✔✔Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric
MMT Grading✔✔0-5, can be done isometrically or through Active ROM
MMT 0✔✔None, No visible or palpable contraction
MMT 1✔✔Trace, Visible or palpable contraction with no motion
, MMT 2✔✔Poor, Full ROM gravity eliminated
MMT 3✔✔Fair, Full ROM against gravity
MMT 4✔✔Good, Full ROM against gravity with moderate resistance
MMT 5✔✔Normal, Full ROM against gravity, maximal resistance
Length-Tension Relationship✔✔relationship between muscle length and the force
the muscle can produce at that length
MMT, patient positioning✔✔Muscle is generally placed at optimum muscle length-
tension relationship, allows patient to produce peak muscle force
Torque✔✔Force * Moment Arm, dependent on the magnitude of the force and the
distance from the axis of rotation,
Muscle Torque✔✔Muscle force * Muscle moment arm
Resistance Torque✔✔Resistance force * Resistance Moment Arm
Dynamometry✔✔The measurement of force expended or power, especially
muscular effort or strength
Types of Dynamometry✔✔Handheld, Isokinetic, Biodex
Dynamometry Isometric✔✔Push against immobile resistance, most common
Dynamometry Concentric✔✔Push against resistance, speed not consistent
Dynamometry Eccentric✔✔Push against resistance, resistance wins
Dynamometry Isokinetic✔✔Push against resistance at constant speed
Dynamometry measures✔✔Peak force, average force, power, time to force peak or
decline
Pros of Handheld Dynamometry✔✔Cheap, easy to perform, quick in clinic
Pros of Isokinetic Dynamometry✔✔Gold standard in accuracy, can compare
between subjects, multiple measurement modes, can measure any joint, not reliant
on tester strength
Limits of ROM✔✔Muscle tightness, Tendon stiffness, Ligament stiffness, other
tissues, injury
Goniometer components✔✔Axis of rotation, stationary arm, moving arm
