NURS3303 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
CELLULAR BIOLOGY - ANSWER
Energy Production - ANSWER The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis,
pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What organelle produces ATP (energy)? - ANSWER Mitochondria
INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION - ANSWER
Infection phases - ANSWER - INCUBATION PERIOD- Period of infection before
symptoms appear
- PRODROMAL PERIOD- Is when the patient just doesn't feel good/right
- ACUTE PHASE- This is when it is a full blown infection (sometimes asymptomatic)—The
length of the acute phase depends on the virulence and host resistance
- RECOVERY PHASE-
What are some clinical Signs/Symptoms of infection? - ANSWER LOCAL- Redness,
swelling, heat, pain/tenderness, purulent exudate, swollen lymph nodes
SYSTEMIC- SIGNS: Elevated WBC>10,000 and left shift (increased neutrophils).
SYMPTOMS: Fever, fatigue, anorexia, headache, muscle aches, seizures, disorientation
or loss of consciousness
What types of transmission are there? Examples? - ANSWER - Direct contact
- Indirect contact
- Droplet contact
,- Vector borne
- Blood-blood transmission-> Blood transfusion is the most common method of
transmission of bloodborne infections
o Needlestick or lacerating injury with a sharp instrument contaminated with infected
blood
o Intravenous drug users can contract infection from unsterile needles
o ***Bloodborne pathogens can also enter the body via the eye, naso-oral mucous
membranes, and skin that is not intact***
CHAIN OF INFECTION
How do we break the chain of infection? - ANSWER Infectious agents
Resevoir
Portals of Entry
Modes of Transmission
Portals of Exit
Susceptible host
By washing hands, wearing PPE, disinfecting surfaces/equipment
Inflammation
- S/S?
- Labs? - ANSWER A protective, coordinated response of the body to an injurious agent
- It involves a specific sequential reaction to cell injury
- Inflammation is NOT the same as infection. You can have inflammation without
infection, but you cannot have infection without causing inflammation
- GOAL: To wall off the area of injury, prevent spread of the injurious agent, and bring
the body's defenses to the region under attack
,CARDINAL SIGNS:
- Redness
- Swelling
- Warmth
- Pain
- Loss of function
S/S:
- LOCAL- Heat, Erythema (redness), Pain, Edema, Loss of function
- SYSTEMIC- Fever, Leukocytosis (increased # of WBCs), Nonspecific symptoms (such
as Malaise, Headache, and Anorexia)
PHASES:
- Vascular Phase
- Cellular Response
- Formation of Exudate
- Healing
PROCESS: When inflammation happens, chemicals from your body's white blood cells
enter your blood or tissues to protect your body from invaders. This raises the blood
flow to the area of injury or infection. It can cause redness and warmth. Some of the
chemicals cause fluid to leak into your tissues, resulting in swelling.
IMMUNE SYSTEM - ANSWER
Innate Immunity - ANSWER - 1st line of defense
- Non-specific immunity
- Immediate response
- Includes anatomic barriers (skin, gastric acid, cilia bronchus/nose, mucous
, membranes, normal flora)
- Includes Natural Killer (NK) cells
- characterized by inflammation
Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER If Innate immunity fails/ is overwhelmed the adaptive
immunity is triggered
- Specific immunity
- Includes the formation of antibodies to specific antigens
- Requires exposure to antigen- disease or vaccine
- Involves memory (immediate response on 2nd exposure)
- Recognizes and tolerates self antigens, combats foreign antigens
- Involves B and T cells
- 2 forms of Adaptive Immunity
- Humoral immunity
- Cell mediated immunity
Passive Acquired Immunity - ANSWER - Short term immunity (has NO memory for future
exposure)
- Provides immediate immunity
- You get it by receiving antibodies from another source
Ex: breast milk, IgG for Hepatitis exposure, Covid antibody administration
Passive acquired is natural through placenta and breast milk
Passive artificial is through injection of immunoglobulins or anti toxins(ex: rabies
vaccine)
CORRECT ANSWERS
CELLULAR BIOLOGY - ANSWER
Energy Production - ANSWER The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis,
pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What organelle produces ATP (energy)? - ANSWER Mitochondria
INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION - ANSWER
Infection phases - ANSWER - INCUBATION PERIOD- Period of infection before
symptoms appear
- PRODROMAL PERIOD- Is when the patient just doesn't feel good/right
- ACUTE PHASE- This is when it is a full blown infection (sometimes asymptomatic)—The
length of the acute phase depends on the virulence and host resistance
- RECOVERY PHASE-
What are some clinical Signs/Symptoms of infection? - ANSWER LOCAL- Redness,
swelling, heat, pain/tenderness, purulent exudate, swollen lymph nodes
SYSTEMIC- SIGNS: Elevated WBC>10,000 and left shift (increased neutrophils).
SYMPTOMS: Fever, fatigue, anorexia, headache, muscle aches, seizures, disorientation
or loss of consciousness
What types of transmission are there? Examples? - ANSWER - Direct contact
- Indirect contact
- Droplet contact
,- Vector borne
- Blood-blood transmission-> Blood transfusion is the most common method of
transmission of bloodborne infections
o Needlestick or lacerating injury with a sharp instrument contaminated with infected
blood
o Intravenous drug users can contract infection from unsterile needles
o ***Bloodborne pathogens can also enter the body via the eye, naso-oral mucous
membranes, and skin that is not intact***
CHAIN OF INFECTION
How do we break the chain of infection? - ANSWER Infectious agents
Resevoir
Portals of Entry
Modes of Transmission
Portals of Exit
Susceptible host
By washing hands, wearing PPE, disinfecting surfaces/equipment
Inflammation
- S/S?
- Labs? - ANSWER A protective, coordinated response of the body to an injurious agent
- It involves a specific sequential reaction to cell injury
- Inflammation is NOT the same as infection. You can have inflammation without
infection, but you cannot have infection without causing inflammation
- GOAL: To wall off the area of injury, prevent spread of the injurious agent, and bring
the body's defenses to the region under attack
,CARDINAL SIGNS:
- Redness
- Swelling
- Warmth
- Pain
- Loss of function
S/S:
- LOCAL- Heat, Erythema (redness), Pain, Edema, Loss of function
- SYSTEMIC- Fever, Leukocytosis (increased # of WBCs), Nonspecific symptoms (such
as Malaise, Headache, and Anorexia)
PHASES:
- Vascular Phase
- Cellular Response
- Formation of Exudate
- Healing
PROCESS: When inflammation happens, chemicals from your body's white blood cells
enter your blood or tissues to protect your body from invaders. This raises the blood
flow to the area of injury or infection. It can cause redness and warmth. Some of the
chemicals cause fluid to leak into your tissues, resulting in swelling.
IMMUNE SYSTEM - ANSWER
Innate Immunity - ANSWER - 1st line of defense
- Non-specific immunity
- Immediate response
- Includes anatomic barriers (skin, gastric acid, cilia bronchus/nose, mucous
, membranes, normal flora)
- Includes Natural Killer (NK) cells
- characterized by inflammation
Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER If Innate immunity fails/ is overwhelmed the adaptive
immunity is triggered
- Specific immunity
- Includes the formation of antibodies to specific antigens
- Requires exposure to antigen- disease or vaccine
- Involves memory (immediate response on 2nd exposure)
- Recognizes and tolerates self antigens, combats foreign antigens
- Involves B and T cells
- 2 forms of Adaptive Immunity
- Humoral immunity
- Cell mediated immunity
Passive Acquired Immunity - ANSWER - Short term immunity (has NO memory for future
exposure)
- Provides immediate immunity
- You get it by receiving antibodies from another source
Ex: breast milk, IgG for Hepatitis exposure, Covid antibody administration
Passive acquired is natural through placenta and breast milk
Passive artificial is through injection of immunoglobulins or anti toxins(ex: rabies
vaccine)
