NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
Questions and Answers | Latest Version
| 2024/2025 | Already Passed
What is the primary mechanism of action for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in
managing pain?
✔✔ NSAIDs primarily work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which reduces
the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain signaling.
How does the body respond to acute stress at the physiological level?
✔✔ The body activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the release of
cortisol and adrenaline, which prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response.
What changes occur in the body’s electrolyte balance during dehydration?
✔✔ Dehydration leads to increased serum sodium concentration and osmolality, triggering
compensatory mechanisms like thirst and the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to conserve
water.
What role does the pancreas play in blood glucose regulation?
1
,✔✔ The pancreas produces insulin to lower blood glucose levels and glucagon to raise them,
maintaining homeostasis in blood sugar levels through a feedback mechanism.
How does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect gas exchange in the lungs?
✔✔ COPD leads to airway obstruction, decreased elastic recoil, and destruction of alveoli,
resulting in impaired gas exchange and reduced oxygenation of blood.
What is the significance of renal clearance in assessing kidney function?
✔✔ Renal clearance measures the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the blood,
providing insight into glomerular filtration rate and overall kidney function.
How do autoimmune diseases disrupt normal physiological processes?
✔✔ Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the
body’s own cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage in various organs.
What is the pathophysiological basis of atherosclerosis?
✔✔ Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques in the arterial walls, leading
to narrowed arteries, reduced blood flow, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events.
2
,How can hyperthyroidism affect metabolic rate?
✔✔ Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate due to elevated levels of thyroid hormones,
resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased heart rate.
What is the effect of chronic stress on the immune system?
✔✔ Chronic stress can suppress immune function by increasing cortisol levels, which may lead
to decreased resistance to infections and slower wound healing.
How does the body typically respond to tissue injury?
✔✔ The body initiates a repair process involving inflammation, proliferation of new tissue, and
remodeling to restore tissue integrity and function.
What are the common manifestations of heart failure?
✔✔ Common manifestations include shortness of breath, fatigue, fluid retention, and decreased
exercise tolerance due to impaired cardiac output.
How do blood glucose levels fluctuate in individuals with diabetes?
✔✔ In diabetes, blood glucose levels can fluctuate due to inadequate insulin production or
insulin resistance, leading to periods of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
3
, What are the consequences of untreated hypertension on target organs?
✔✔ Untreated hypertension can lead to complications such as left ventricular hypertrophy,
chronic kidney disease, stroke, and damage to blood vessels and the retina.
How does the body compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
✔✔ The body compensates for respiratory alkalosis by decreasing respiratory rate and depth, and
the kidneys may excrete bicarbonate to help normalize pH levels.
What is the role of the spleen in the immune response?
✔✔ The spleen filters blood, removes old or damaged blood cells, and helps initiate immune
responses by producing lymphocytes and antibodies.
What is gastritis? ✔✔Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed
and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? ✔✔Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
4
Questions and Answers | Latest Version
| 2024/2025 | Already Passed
What is the primary mechanism of action for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in
managing pain?
✔✔ NSAIDs primarily work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which reduces
the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain signaling.
How does the body respond to acute stress at the physiological level?
✔✔ The body activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the release of
cortisol and adrenaline, which prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response.
What changes occur in the body’s electrolyte balance during dehydration?
✔✔ Dehydration leads to increased serum sodium concentration and osmolality, triggering
compensatory mechanisms like thirst and the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to conserve
water.
What role does the pancreas play in blood glucose regulation?
1
,✔✔ The pancreas produces insulin to lower blood glucose levels and glucagon to raise them,
maintaining homeostasis in blood sugar levels through a feedback mechanism.
How does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect gas exchange in the lungs?
✔✔ COPD leads to airway obstruction, decreased elastic recoil, and destruction of alveoli,
resulting in impaired gas exchange and reduced oxygenation of blood.
What is the significance of renal clearance in assessing kidney function?
✔✔ Renal clearance measures the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the blood,
providing insight into glomerular filtration rate and overall kidney function.
How do autoimmune diseases disrupt normal physiological processes?
✔✔ Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the
body’s own cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage in various organs.
What is the pathophysiological basis of atherosclerosis?
✔✔ Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques in the arterial walls, leading
to narrowed arteries, reduced blood flow, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events.
2
,How can hyperthyroidism affect metabolic rate?
✔✔ Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate due to elevated levels of thyroid hormones,
resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased heart rate.
What is the effect of chronic stress on the immune system?
✔✔ Chronic stress can suppress immune function by increasing cortisol levels, which may lead
to decreased resistance to infections and slower wound healing.
How does the body typically respond to tissue injury?
✔✔ The body initiates a repair process involving inflammation, proliferation of new tissue, and
remodeling to restore tissue integrity and function.
What are the common manifestations of heart failure?
✔✔ Common manifestations include shortness of breath, fatigue, fluid retention, and decreased
exercise tolerance due to impaired cardiac output.
How do blood glucose levels fluctuate in individuals with diabetes?
✔✔ In diabetes, blood glucose levels can fluctuate due to inadequate insulin production or
insulin resistance, leading to periods of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
3
, What are the consequences of untreated hypertension on target organs?
✔✔ Untreated hypertension can lead to complications such as left ventricular hypertrophy,
chronic kidney disease, stroke, and damage to blood vessels and the retina.
How does the body compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
✔✔ The body compensates for respiratory alkalosis by decreasing respiratory rate and depth, and
the kidneys may excrete bicarbonate to help normalize pH levels.
What is the role of the spleen in the immune response?
✔✔ The spleen filters blood, removes old or damaged blood cells, and helps initiate immune
responses by producing lymphocytes and antibodies.
What is gastritis? ✔✔Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed
and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? ✔✔Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
4
