NUR2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | 100% Pass

NUR2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | 100% Pass What is the pathophysiology behind atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of plaques in the arterial walls, leading to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and narrowing of blood vessels, which can result in reduced blood flow and potential ischemia. How does anaphylaxis affect the respiratory system? Anaphylaxis can cause severe bronchoconstriction, leading to airway swelling, increased mucus production, and ultimately respiratory distress due to compromised airflow. What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus? A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains attached to the site of formation, while an embolus is a clot or other substance that travels through the bloodstream and can obstruct a distant vessel. How does chronic kidney disease lead to anemia? 2 Chronic kidney disease reduces the production of erythropoietin, a hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production, leading to decreased red blood cell counts and anemia. What are the primary causes of metabolic syndrome? The primary causes of metabolic syndrome include obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. How does the body compensate during respiratory acidosis? The body compensates for respiratory acidosis by increasing renal bicarbonate reabsorption and excreting hydrogen ions to help restore normal pH levels. What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. How does liver cirrhosis affect the body’s clotting ability? Liver cirrhosis impairs the synthesis of clotting factors, leading to an increased risk of bleeding and hemorrhage due to a decreased ability to form blood clots. 3 What role do cytokines play in inflammation? Cytokines are signaling molecules released by immune cells that mediate and regulate inflammation, promoting cell communication and orchestrating the immune response during injury or infection. How does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lead to respiratory failure? COPD causes progressive airflow limitation and damage to lung tissues, resulting in inadequate gas exchange, hypoxemia, and eventually respiratory failure if not managed properly. What are the common signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism? Common signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, depression, and dry skin due to decreased metabolic activity. How does heart failure lead to fluid overload in patients? Heart failure reduces the heart's ability to pump effectively, causing blood to back up in the circulation, leading to increased hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels and resultant fluid retention in tissues. 4 What is the relationship between hypertension and stroke risk? Hypertension increases the risk of stroke by causing damage to blood vessels, promoting atherosclerosis, and potentially leading to the formation of blood clots that can obstruct cerebral arteries. What is the role of the pancreas in glucose regulation? The pancreas regulates glucose levels by secreting insulin, which facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, and glucagon, which promotes the release of glucose from the liver when blood sugar levels are low. What physiological changes occur in the body during septic shock? During septic shock, systemic inflammation leads to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and impaired cellular metabolism, which can result in hypotension, organ dysfunction, and potential failure. How does osteoarthritis differ from rheumatoid arthritis in terms of pathophysiology? Osteoarthritis is characterized by the degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone due to wear and tear, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that leads to synovial inflammation and joint damage.