Exam (elaborations) Clinical Chemistry

First automated analyzer️️A continuous flow single channel sequential batch analyzer cabable of probidinf a single test result on about 40 samples per hour Second generation automated analyzer️️Multiple channels working synchronously and can produce 6-12 test results at 360-720 tests per hour First commercial centrifugal analyzer️️From NASA, an alternative to continuous flow technology Automatic clinical analyzer️️First non continuous flow discrete analyzer, random access capabilities, plastic test pack, positive patient id Kodak ektachem analyzer️️First instrument to use microsample volumes and reagents on slides for dry chemical analysis, incorporates computer technology Discrete analyzer️️Ion selective electrodes, fiber optics, polychromatic analysis, sophisticated computer data for handling large test menus Point of care bench top analyzers️️Small portable and easy to operate, used in physicians office Immunochemistry analyzers️️Assaying drugs, specific proteins, tumor markers, nephelometry, fluorescence polarization Modular analyzers️️Combination of chemistry and immunoassay Modern chemistry analyzer companies️️Abbott, Siemens, Roche diagnostics Point of care automation️️Abbott, istat, Roche, Bayer Driving forces towards more automation️️Higher volume of testing, decreased operating budgets, intense competition between instrument manufactures, greater accuracy and precision Advantages of automation️️Increased # of tests performed in lab, decrease labor and cost per test, minimizes variation in results, eliminates potential errors Continuous flow️️Liquids pumped through a system of continuous tubing, samples are introduced in a sequential manner Centrifugal analysis️️Force of centrifugal ion transfers and con