Anthropology 101: Test 4 | Actual
Questions and Answers Latest
Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+)
Pre-Australopithecine - ANSWER-Had a number of primitive attributes of humans but were more ape-
like. They represent the first recognizable ancestors leading to humans. There are a limited amount of
pre-australopithecine fossils since they date back to 7-6MYA.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis - ANSWER-The earliest pre-australopithecine found in Africa with possible
evidence for bipedalism due solely to its skull being found by Michel Brunet.
Orrorin tugenensis - ANSWER-A pre-australopithecine species in East Africa that displayed some of the
earliest evidence of bipedalism.
Ardipithecus kadabba and ramidus - ANSWER-A. kadabba- An early pre-A from the late Miocene to early
Pliocene; evidence of perihoning complex (trait between humans and apes). A. ramidus: A later pre-A
species from late Miocene to early Pliocence; evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no
perihoning complex.
Middle Awash Valley - ANSWER-A place where Pliocene hominids can be found. This is the site (dated
4.4 MYA) where "Ardi" an A. ramidus species was found. Pelvis indicated full hominid status since Ardi
walked upright.
Australopithecine - ANSWER-Early hominids of the genus Australopithecus of E. & S. Africa (~4 to 1
MYA). The most complete australopithecine skeleton, named Lucy (~3MYA). Australopithecines are
ancestors of modern humans. Had non honing canine, loss of apelike traits, slight increase in brain size.
, A. anamensis - ANSWER-The oldest (4.4MYA) species of austr. From E. Africa and likely ancestor to A.
Afarensis. Found near lake Turkana.
A. afarensis: - ANSWER-An early Austr. From E. Africa; brain size similar to modern chimps; thought to
be direct human ancestor.
A. africanus: - ANSWER-Bipedal but it's brain and canine size are more primitive and ape-like. Dentition
is more human-like, intermediate between the pre-A and later Austr.
A. garhi: - ANSWER-A late Austr. From E. Africa that was contemporaneous with with A.africanus and A.
aethiopicus and likely ancestor to modern Homo lineage.
Lucy - ANSWER-Significant fossil with over 40% complete skeleton of an adult female A. afrarensis.
Robust Australopithecines - ANSWER-A. Boisei and aethiopicus are considered robust Austr.because of
large crania. That had a large sagittal crust, flaring cheek bones and large teeth as a result of a diet likely
rich in hard foods.
A. boisei - ANSWER-later robust Austr. From E. Africa that was contemporaneous with A. robustus and
A. africanus.
A. aethiopicus: An early robust Austr. From E. Africa.
Oldowan - ANSWER-Stone tool culture associated with H. habilus and possibly A. gahri including
primitive/ crude tools formed by pounding flakes away usually from one side only to either cut or pound
at something.
Acheulean - ANSWER-Associated with H. erectus, including hand axes and other types of stone tools;
more refined than Oldowan.
Handaxe - ANSWER-The most dominant tool in the Acheulean complex, characterized by a sharp cutting
edge for both cutting and scraping.
Questions and Answers Latest
Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+)
Pre-Australopithecine - ANSWER-Had a number of primitive attributes of humans but were more ape-
like. They represent the first recognizable ancestors leading to humans. There are a limited amount of
pre-australopithecine fossils since they date back to 7-6MYA.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis - ANSWER-The earliest pre-australopithecine found in Africa with possible
evidence for bipedalism due solely to its skull being found by Michel Brunet.
Orrorin tugenensis - ANSWER-A pre-australopithecine species in East Africa that displayed some of the
earliest evidence of bipedalism.
Ardipithecus kadabba and ramidus - ANSWER-A. kadabba- An early pre-A from the late Miocene to early
Pliocene; evidence of perihoning complex (trait between humans and apes). A. ramidus: A later pre-A
species from late Miocene to early Pliocence; evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no
perihoning complex.
Middle Awash Valley - ANSWER-A place where Pliocene hominids can be found. This is the site (dated
4.4 MYA) where "Ardi" an A. ramidus species was found. Pelvis indicated full hominid status since Ardi
walked upright.
Australopithecine - ANSWER-Early hominids of the genus Australopithecus of E. & S. Africa (~4 to 1
MYA). The most complete australopithecine skeleton, named Lucy (~3MYA). Australopithecines are
ancestors of modern humans. Had non honing canine, loss of apelike traits, slight increase in brain size.
, A. anamensis - ANSWER-The oldest (4.4MYA) species of austr. From E. Africa and likely ancestor to A.
Afarensis. Found near lake Turkana.
A. afarensis: - ANSWER-An early Austr. From E. Africa; brain size similar to modern chimps; thought to
be direct human ancestor.
A. africanus: - ANSWER-Bipedal but it's brain and canine size are more primitive and ape-like. Dentition
is more human-like, intermediate between the pre-A and later Austr.
A. garhi: - ANSWER-A late Austr. From E. Africa that was contemporaneous with with A.africanus and A.
aethiopicus and likely ancestor to modern Homo lineage.
Lucy - ANSWER-Significant fossil with over 40% complete skeleton of an adult female A. afrarensis.
Robust Australopithecines - ANSWER-A. Boisei and aethiopicus are considered robust Austr.because of
large crania. That had a large sagittal crust, flaring cheek bones and large teeth as a result of a diet likely
rich in hard foods.
A. boisei - ANSWER-later robust Austr. From E. Africa that was contemporaneous with A. robustus and
A. africanus.
A. aethiopicus: An early robust Austr. From E. Africa.
Oldowan - ANSWER-Stone tool culture associated with H. habilus and possibly A. gahri including
primitive/ crude tools formed by pounding flakes away usually from one side only to either cut or pound
at something.
Acheulean - ANSWER-Associated with H. erectus, including hand axes and other types of stone tools;
more refined than Oldowan.
Handaxe - ANSWER-The most dominant tool in the Acheulean complex, characterized by a sharp cutting
edge for both cutting and scraping.
