USMLE PATHOMA CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
Hypertrophy,-,ANSWER,-Increase,in,organ,size
-
Involves,gene,activation,,protein,synthesis,,and,production,of,organelles.,i.e.,increase,in,cytoskeletal,eleme
nts
-Permanent,tissues,(<3,,skeletal,m,,and,nerve),undergo,hypertrophy,only
Hyperplasia,-,ANSWER,-Increase,in,number,of,cells
-Involves,production,of,new,cells,from,stem,cells
Atrophy,-,ANSWER,-Decrease,in,stress,leads,to,decrease,in,organ,size,and,number,of,cells
-,Decrease,in,number,of,cells,occurs,via,Apoptosis
In,Atrophy,,decrease,in,number,of,cells,occurs,via?,-,ANSWER,Apoptosis
In,Atrophy,,decrease,in,cell,size,occurs,via?,-,ANSWER,Ubiquitin-
Proteosome,degradation,of,the,cytoskeleton,and
Autophagy,of,cellular,components
Metaplasia,-,ANSWER,Change,in,stress,on,an,organ,leads,to,a,change,in,cell,type
E.g.,Barrett's,Esophagus
Metaplasia,of,Esophageal,mucosa,-,ANSWER,Caused,by,acid,reflux
Non,keratinizing,squamous,epithelium,-->,non,ciliated,,mucin,producing,columnar,cells
Mechanism,of,metaplasia,-,ANSWER,-Programming,of,stem,cells,which,produce,the,new,cell,type.
-Reversible,if,stressor,is,removed
-Can,progress,to,dysplasia,and,even,cancer,if,stress,continued
, Metaplasia-->Dysplasia-->,Cancer.,Example,and,Exception,-,ANSWER,Barrett's,Esophagus--
>,adenocarcinoma,of,the,esophagus
Apocrine,metaplasia,of,breast-->,no,increased,risk,of,cancer
Metaplasia,and,Vit,A,correlation,-,ANSWER,Vitamin,A,Deficiency,can,lead,to,metaplasia
-
Vitamin,A,is,necessary,for,differentiation,of,specialized,epithelial,surfaces,such,as,conjunctiva,covering,the,e
ye.
-Deficiency,leads,to,metaplasia,of,THIN,SQUAMOUS,lining,of,conjunctiva,--
>,STRATIFIED,KERATINIZING,SQUAMOUS,epithelium,==>,KERATOMALACIA
Myositis,Ossificans,-,ANSWER,Muscle,tissue,--
>,Bone,[during,the,healing,process].,Example,of,metaplasia,of,mesenchymal,(connective),tissue.
Dysplasia,and,example?,-,ANSWER,Disordered,cellular,growth
Reversible,with,removal,of,stress
Occurs,in,response,to,longstanding,hyperplasia,or,metaplasia.
Cervical,Intraepithelial,Neoplasia,(CIN),is,an,example.
Aplasia,and,example?,-
,ANSWER,Failure,of,cell,production,during,embyrogenesis.,Example,is,unilateral,renal,agenesis.
Hypoplasia,and,example?,-
,ANSWER,Decrease,in,cell,production,during,embryogenesis.,Example,is,streak,ovaries,in,Turner,syndrome.
Causes,of,Cellular,Injury,-,ANSWER,1.,Inflammation
2.,Nurtitional,Deficiency,or,excess
3.,Hypoxia
4.,Trauma
5.,Genetic,Mutations
6.,Infections
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
Hypertrophy,-,ANSWER,-Increase,in,organ,size
-
Involves,gene,activation,,protein,synthesis,,and,production,of,organelles.,i.e.,increase,in,cytoskeletal,eleme
nts
-Permanent,tissues,(<3,,skeletal,m,,and,nerve),undergo,hypertrophy,only
Hyperplasia,-,ANSWER,-Increase,in,number,of,cells
-Involves,production,of,new,cells,from,stem,cells
Atrophy,-,ANSWER,-Decrease,in,stress,leads,to,decrease,in,organ,size,and,number,of,cells
-,Decrease,in,number,of,cells,occurs,via,Apoptosis
In,Atrophy,,decrease,in,number,of,cells,occurs,via?,-,ANSWER,Apoptosis
In,Atrophy,,decrease,in,cell,size,occurs,via?,-,ANSWER,Ubiquitin-
Proteosome,degradation,of,the,cytoskeleton,and
Autophagy,of,cellular,components
Metaplasia,-,ANSWER,Change,in,stress,on,an,organ,leads,to,a,change,in,cell,type
E.g.,Barrett's,Esophagus
Metaplasia,of,Esophageal,mucosa,-,ANSWER,Caused,by,acid,reflux
Non,keratinizing,squamous,epithelium,-->,non,ciliated,,mucin,producing,columnar,cells
Mechanism,of,metaplasia,-,ANSWER,-Programming,of,stem,cells,which,produce,the,new,cell,type.
-Reversible,if,stressor,is,removed
-Can,progress,to,dysplasia,and,even,cancer,if,stress,continued
, Metaplasia-->Dysplasia-->,Cancer.,Example,and,Exception,-,ANSWER,Barrett's,Esophagus--
>,adenocarcinoma,of,the,esophagus
Apocrine,metaplasia,of,breast-->,no,increased,risk,of,cancer
Metaplasia,and,Vit,A,correlation,-,ANSWER,Vitamin,A,Deficiency,can,lead,to,metaplasia
-
Vitamin,A,is,necessary,for,differentiation,of,specialized,epithelial,surfaces,such,as,conjunctiva,covering,the,e
ye.
-Deficiency,leads,to,metaplasia,of,THIN,SQUAMOUS,lining,of,conjunctiva,--
>,STRATIFIED,KERATINIZING,SQUAMOUS,epithelium,==>,KERATOMALACIA
Myositis,Ossificans,-,ANSWER,Muscle,tissue,--
>,Bone,[during,the,healing,process].,Example,of,metaplasia,of,mesenchymal,(connective),tissue.
Dysplasia,and,example?,-,ANSWER,Disordered,cellular,growth
Reversible,with,removal,of,stress
Occurs,in,response,to,longstanding,hyperplasia,or,metaplasia.
Cervical,Intraepithelial,Neoplasia,(CIN),is,an,example.
Aplasia,and,example?,-
,ANSWER,Failure,of,cell,production,during,embyrogenesis.,Example,is,unilateral,renal,agenesis.
Hypoplasia,and,example?,-
,ANSWER,Decrease,in,cell,production,during,embryogenesis.,Example,is,streak,ovaries,in,Turner,syndrome.
Causes,of,Cellular,Injury,-,ANSWER,1.,Inflammation
2.,Nurtitional,Deficiency,or,excess
3.,Hypoxia
4.,Trauma
5.,Genetic,Mutations
6.,Infections
