PHIL 170 EXAM 2 WITH WELL ANALYSED ANSWERS.
Deductive argument - ANSWER get inferential force based on form, formal logic or
formal reasoning, conclusion definitely follows premises (if it's a valid argument). ex:
if A then B. A, therefore B. includes: arguments for mathematics, definitions,
hypothetical syllogisms
Inductive argument - ANSWER get inferential force based on content, conclusion
probably follows premises (if it is a strong argument). includes: signs, from authority
(experts), predictions, causal inference, generalizations, analogies
valid deductive argument - ANSWER impossible to derive a false conclusion from
all true premises. a deductive argument is either valid or invalid.
strong inductive argument - ANSWER if premises are true, the conclusion would
be true. there are degrees of strength/weakness to an inductive argument
sound - ANSWER if a valid deductive argument has all true premises. if it does not,
it is unsound
cogent - ANSWER if a strong inductive argument has all true premises. if it does
not, it is uncogent
conjunction - ANSWER A and B. only true if A and B are both true
disjunction - ANSWER A or B. always true unless A and B are both false
conditional - ANSWER If A then B. always true unless A is true and B is false
bi-conditional - ANSWER A if and only if B. False if A and B have different truth
values (A is true and B is false, or A is false and B is true)
antecedent - ANSWER in the statement "if A then B", the antecedent is A. the
antecedent is the sufficient condition for the consequent
consequent - ANSWER in the statement "if A then B", the consequent is B. the
consequent is the necessary condition for the antecedent
tautology - ANSWER a way to classify individual statements, refers to a statement
that is true under all truth conditions
contingent - ANSWER a way to classify individual statements, refers to a
statement that is true under some truth conditions
self contradictory - ANSWER a way to classify individual statements, refers to a
statement that is false under all truth conditions
logically equivalent - ANSWER a way to classify groups of statements, refers to
two or more statements that have the same truth value under all truth conditions
consistent - ANSWER a way to classify groups of statements, refers to two or more
statements that are all true under some but not all truth conditions
Deductive argument - ANSWER get inferential force based on form, formal logic or
formal reasoning, conclusion definitely follows premises (if it's a valid argument). ex:
if A then B. A, therefore B. includes: arguments for mathematics, definitions,
hypothetical syllogisms
Inductive argument - ANSWER get inferential force based on content, conclusion
probably follows premises (if it is a strong argument). includes: signs, from authority
(experts), predictions, causal inference, generalizations, analogies
valid deductive argument - ANSWER impossible to derive a false conclusion from
all true premises. a deductive argument is either valid or invalid.
strong inductive argument - ANSWER if premises are true, the conclusion would
be true. there are degrees of strength/weakness to an inductive argument
sound - ANSWER if a valid deductive argument has all true premises. if it does not,
it is unsound
cogent - ANSWER if a strong inductive argument has all true premises. if it does
not, it is uncogent
conjunction - ANSWER A and B. only true if A and B are both true
disjunction - ANSWER A or B. always true unless A and B are both false
conditional - ANSWER If A then B. always true unless A is true and B is false
bi-conditional - ANSWER A if and only if B. False if A and B have different truth
values (A is true and B is false, or A is false and B is true)
antecedent - ANSWER in the statement "if A then B", the antecedent is A. the
antecedent is the sufficient condition for the consequent
consequent - ANSWER in the statement "if A then B", the consequent is B. the
consequent is the necessary condition for the antecedent
tautology - ANSWER a way to classify individual statements, refers to a statement
that is true under all truth conditions
contingent - ANSWER a way to classify individual statements, refers to a
statement that is true under some truth conditions
self contradictory - ANSWER a way to classify individual statements, refers to a
statement that is false under all truth conditions
logically equivalent - ANSWER a way to classify groups of statements, refers to
two or more statements that have the same truth value under all truth conditions
consistent - ANSWER a way to classify groups of statements, refers to two or more
statements that are all true under some but not all truth conditions
