EXAM 6 PATHO QUESTIONS ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED SOLUTION 2024/2025

EXAM 6 PATHO QUESTIONS ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED SOLUTION 2024/2025 Bartholin Gland Cyst and Abscess - ANS-Definition: cyst is a fluid-filled sac located near vaginal introitus resulting from obstruction gland main duct; acute inflammation within the gland abscess Clinical manifestations: pain tenderness, dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) Treatment: antibiotics, local application of moist heat, incision and drainage of abscess; marsupialization of abscessed cyst causing blockage of introitus Non-neoplastic Epithelial Vulvar Disorders - ANS-Definition: nonmalignant atrophic and hyperplastic changes of vulvar skin and mucosa Lichen sclerosus: inflammatory disease of vulva characterized by plaque-like areas that may progress to parchment-thin epithelium with focal areas of ecchymosis and superficial ulceration; chronic atrophy and contractures of vulvar tissues with stenosis of introitus Manifestations: itching, dyspareunia Treatment: topical corticosteroids; observation and biopsy if malignant change Squamous cell hyperplasia: thickened, gray-white plaques with irregular surface causing rubbing and scratching of skin; usually result of irritant Manifestations: pruritus, scaling, excoriations (from scratching) Diagnosis: differential for HPV, fungal infections, other causes of similar conditions Treatment: identify and remove irritant; topical corticosteroid combined with topical antihistamine Malignant Vulvar Neoplasms - ANS-Definition: squamous cell carcinomas most common (90%) Basaloid and warty carcinomas related to oncogenic strains of HPV: develop from precancerous in situ lesion vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia; risk of progression to invasive cancer increases in older women or suppressed immune function Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma not related to HPV (70%): older women; preceded by vulvar non neoplastic disorders; i.e., lichen sclerosus; chronic vulvar irritation; hyperplasia Manifestations: thickening of skin with small raised area or lump or ulceration failing to heal; white to velvety red or black; may resemble eczema or dermatitis; pruritus, local discomfort, exudation Can spread superficially or deep furrow involving all of one labial side; can metastasize to regional lymph nodes then inguinal and femoral chains Diagnosis: biopsy of any vulvar lesion increasing in size or unusual wart-like appearance Treatment: surgical excision of lesion for noninvasive cancer; radical excision (vulvectomy) with node resection for invasive cancers Vulvodynia - ANS-Definition: syndrome of idiopathic vulvar pain; condition characterized by "burning, stinging, irritation, soreness, or rawness" in absence of relevant visible findings or a specific, clinically identifiable neurological disorder Localized: pain at onset of intercourse, localized point tenderness near vaginal opening, sensitivity to tampon placement, tight-fitting pants, bicycling or prolonged sitting; leading cause of dyspareunia; may evolve from chronic vulvar inflammation or trauma Generalized: severe, constant, widespread burning interfering with daily activities; diffuse and variable hypersensitivity and altered sensation to light touch; features neuropathic pain disorders; may result from myofascial restriction affecting sacral and pelvic floor nerves Triggers: chronic recurrent vaginal infections, chemical irritation or drug effects (prolonged use of topical steroid creams); elevated urinary levels of calcium oxalate; IgA deficiency CONTINUES...