ANATOMY EXAM #1 STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 1
- Anatomy; structure
- Physiology; function
- Chemical Level (atoms) > Cellular Level (cells) > Tissue Level > Organ Level (stomach)
> System Level (digestion) > Organismal Level
- Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques; Inspection (observe), Palpation (feel body surface),
Auscultation (stethoscope), Percussion
- Basic Life Processes
- Metabolic; Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
- Responsiveness; Detect and respond to changes
- Movement; Single cell or entire organism
- Growth; In size and number of cells
- Differentiation; Cells that are unspecialized become specialized
- Reproduction; For growth, repair, and new
- Homeostasis;
- Steady state of the body or state of equilibrium.
- Two systems that maintain homeostasis-nervous and endocrine systems.
- Body Fluids;
- Intracellular; Within the cell
- Extracellular; Outside of the cell
- Two types
- Interstitial fluid; Between cells that make up tissue
- Plasma-extracellular; Found in blood
- Feedback Systems; How we monitor homeostasis
- Negative Feedback; Reverses a change in a controlled condition,
baroreceptors (blood pressure going up and then back to normal)
- Positive Feedback; Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled
condition (childbirth)
, - Homeostatic Imbalances;
- Disorders;Abnormality of structure/function
- Disease; Illness characterized by symptoms (objective- changes in the body
function that are not apparent) & signs (objective- clinician can observe and
measure)
- Anatomical Terminology;
- Body Positions
- Anatomical position; Stand erect facing the observer, feet flat directed
forward, arms at the side, palms facing forward
- Prone; Laying on stomach
- Supin; Laying on back
- Directional Terms; Describes the position of one body part relative to another
- Superior (up) / Inferior (down away from head)
- Anterior (front) / Postier (back)
- Medial (middle) / Lateral (side) / Intermediate (between medial and
lateral)
- Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)
- Proximal (close to) / Distal (not close > wrist is distal to elbow)
- Superficial (at the surface) / Deep
- Planes & Sections
- Sagittal Plane (divides body into right and left parts)
Chapter 1
- Anatomy; structure
- Physiology; function
- Chemical Level (atoms) > Cellular Level (cells) > Tissue Level > Organ Level (stomach)
> System Level (digestion) > Organismal Level
- Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques; Inspection (observe), Palpation (feel body surface),
Auscultation (stethoscope), Percussion
- Basic Life Processes
- Metabolic; Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
- Responsiveness; Detect and respond to changes
- Movement; Single cell or entire organism
- Growth; In size and number of cells
- Differentiation; Cells that are unspecialized become specialized
- Reproduction; For growth, repair, and new
- Homeostasis;
- Steady state of the body or state of equilibrium.
- Two systems that maintain homeostasis-nervous and endocrine systems.
- Body Fluids;
- Intracellular; Within the cell
- Extracellular; Outside of the cell
- Two types
- Interstitial fluid; Between cells that make up tissue
- Plasma-extracellular; Found in blood
- Feedback Systems; How we monitor homeostasis
- Negative Feedback; Reverses a change in a controlled condition,
baroreceptors (blood pressure going up and then back to normal)
- Positive Feedback; Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled
condition (childbirth)
, - Homeostatic Imbalances;
- Disorders;Abnormality of structure/function
- Disease; Illness characterized by symptoms (objective- changes in the body
function that are not apparent) & signs (objective- clinician can observe and
measure)
- Anatomical Terminology;
- Body Positions
- Anatomical position; Stand erect facing the observer, feet flat directed
forward, arms at the side, palms facing forward
- Prone; Laying on stomach
- Supin; Laying on back
- Directional Terms; Describes the position of one body part relative to another
- Superior (up) / Inferior (down away from head)
- Anterior (front) / Postier (back)
- Medial (middle) / Lateral (side) / Intermediate (between medial and
lateral)
- Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)
- Proximal (close to) / Distal (not close > wrist is distal to elbow)
- Superficial (at the surface) / Deep
- Planes & Sections
- Sagittal Plane (divides body into right and left parts)
