Patho Exam 1
The staging TNM system for classifying cancers is used to describe: - ANSthe clinical spread of
the disease
Stage 2 means that cancer has spread to where? - ANSOnly to local/origin
Which term is used to say less differentiation? - ANSAnaplasia
What are tumor cell markers? - ANSHormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are
produced by cancer cells
What is one function of a tumor cell marker? - ANSScreen individuals at high risk for cancer.
What is a major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in elderly? - ANScumulative
exposure to carcinogens
What does the nursing student know about benign tumors? - ANSthe cell walls are differentiated
What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer? - ANSFatigue
Which statement indicates the nurse has an accurate understanding of mast cells? - ANSThey
degranulate in response to chemical agents
A person who is HIV positive is hospitalized with pneumonia caused by Pneumoniacytis jirovici.
This indicates what? - ANSThe person has progressed from HIV to AIDS
Which anemia produces small, pale erythrocytes? - ANSiron deficiency
Early detection of leukemia would include what symptoms? - ANSBone pain, Bruising, and
Anorexia
Which statements by the nursing student indicate understanding of leukemia pathophysiology? -
ANSBone marrow becomes overcrowded, a single progenitor cell undergoes a malignant
change, leukemia is a result of uncontrolled leukocyte proliferation
If a child has sickle cell disease, how would you treat them? - ANSHydroxyurea
Hemophilia A is a deficiency of which clotting factor - ANSFactor VIII
What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia? - ANSHypoxia
, What are common triggers for sickle cell crisis? - ANSFever, exposure to cold, and infection
What is the difference between Endogenous and Exogenous toxic injury? - ANSEndogenous:
genetically-determined errors of metabolism. Exogenous: alcohol, lead, carbon monoxide,
cigarette smoke, pesticides, etc.
What is deficit injury? - ANSLack of water, oxygen, or nutrients, unstable temps, or inadequate
waste disposal
What is physical injury? - ANSDisruption in the cell or in the relationships of the intracellular
organelles. Thermal vs Chemical.
What is ischemia and what can it lead to if sustained? - ANSIschemia is inadequate blood flow
which can lead to the inflammatory response of cellular death known as necrosis.
What are the three phases in which cancer develops in order? - ANSInitiation, Promotion, and
Progression
What is necessary for the growth and spread of cancer? - ANSA Blood supply
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? - ANSBenign are differentiated,
encapsulated, unable to metastasize and may compress surrounding tissues. Malignant are
undifferentiated, not encapsulated and more likely to metastasize.
What is the difference between grading and staging cancer? - ANSGrading is based on the
degree of differentiation. Staging is based on the extent of the disease.
What are the stages of cancer? - ANSStage one is confined to organ of origin. Stage two is
locally invasive. Stage three has spread to regional structures (lymph nodes). Stage four is
spread to distant sites.
What is the difference between genetics, genome, genomics, and epigenetics? - ANSGenetics
is the study of heredity. Genome is the complete length of a persons DNA within a cell.
Genomics is the study of the structure of the genome through mapping and sequencing DNA.
Epigentics studies the environments role in activating and deactivating genes.
What is an autosomal dominant mutation and examples? - ANSSingle-gene mutations that are
passed from affected parent to offspring, regardless of sex. It occurs in both homo and heater
allele pairs. Example: Marfan syndrome, and neurofibromatosis.
What is an autosomal recessive mutation and examples? - ANSSingle-gene mutations passed
from affected parent to an offspring regardless of sex but only occurs in homo allele pairs.
Examples are phenylketonuria, and tay-sachs disease.
The staging TNM system for classifying cancers is used to describe: - ANSthe clinical spread of
the disease
Stage 2 means that cancer has spread to where? - ANSOnly to local/origin
Which term is used to say less differentiation? - ANSAnaplasia
What are tumor cell markers? - ANSHormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are
produced by cancer cells
What is one function of a tumor cell marker? - ANSScreen individuals at high risk for cancer.
What is a major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in elderly? - ANScumulative
exposure to carcinogens
What does the nursing student know about benign tumors? - ANSthe cell walls are differentiated
What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer? - ANSFatigue
Which statement indicates the nurse has an accurate understanding of mast cells? - ANSThey
degranulate in response to chemical agents
A person who is HIV positive is hospitalized with pneumonia caused by Pneumoniacytis jirovici.
This indicates what? - ANSThe person has progressed from HIV to AIDS
Which anemia produces small, pale erythrocytes? - ANSiron deficiency
Early detection of leukemia would include what symptoms? - ANSBone pain, Bruising, and
Anorexia
Which statements by the nursing student indicate understanding of leukemia pathophysiology? -
ANSBone marrow becomes overcrowded, a single progenitor cell undergoes a malignant
change, leukemia is a result of uncontrolled leukocyte proliferation
If a child has sickle cell disease, how would you treat them? - ANSHydroxyurea
Hemophilia A is a deficiency of which clotting factor - ANSFactor VIII
What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia? - ANSHypoxia
, What are common triggers for sickle cell crisis? - ANSFever, exposure to cold, and infection
What is the difference between Endogenous and Exogenous toxic injury? - ANSEndogenous:
genetically-determined errors of metabolism. Exogenous: alcohol, lead, carbon monoxide,
cigarette smoke, pesticides, etc.
What is deficit injury? - ANSLack of water, oxygen, or nutrients, unstable temps, or inadequate
waste disposal
What is physical injury? - ANSDisruption in the cell or in the relationships of the intracellular
organelles. Thermal vs Chemical.
What is ischemia and what can it lead to if sustained? - ANSIschemia is inadequate blood flow
which can lead to the inflammatory response of cellular death known as necrosis.
What are the three phases in which cancer develops in order? - ANSInitiation, Promotion, and
Progression
What is necessary for the growth and spread of cancer? - ANSA Blood supply
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? - ANSBenign are differentiated,
encapsulated, unable to metastasize and may compress surrounding tissues. Malignant are
undifferentiated, not encapsulated and more likely to metastasize.
What is the difference between grading and staging cancer? - ANSGrading is based on the
degree of differentiation. Staging is based on the extent of the disease.
What are the stages of cancer? - ANSStage one is confined to organ of origin. Stage two is
locally invasive. Stage three has spread to regional structures (lymph nodes). Stage four is
spread to distant sites.
What is the difference between genetics, genome, genomics, and epigenetics? - ANSGenetics
is the study of heredity. Genome is the complete length of a persons DNA within a cell.
Genomics is the study of the structure of the genome through mapping and sequencing DNA.
Epigentics studies the environments role in activating and deactivating genes.
What is an autosomal dominant mutation and examples? - ANSSingle-gene mutations that are
passed from affected parent to offspring, regardless of sex. It occurs in both homo and heater
allele pairs. Example: Marfan syndrome, and neurofibromatosis.
What is an autosomal recessive mutation and examples? - ANSSingle-gene mutations passed
from affected parent to an offspring regardless of sex but only occurs in homo allele pairs.
Examples are phenylketonuria, and tay-sachs disease.
